political parties

thesis of the Federalist

large, diverse republic, as proposed by the Constitution, is the best system to control the effects of "factions" (self-interested groups) and prevent the tyranny of the majority, ensuring stability and protecting minority rights better than a small, pure democracy

Madison feared what

factions

cue for factions

pluralism

can be factions be removed?

No taking factions is like taking liberty

what do interest group want?

money

What makes interest groups?

members and money

Who do interest groups benefit?

upper class?

What are various types of organizations interests

local garbage-collecter, ISAIAH, gun rights, environmental concern groups

Which organization is most common and durable

economic interest groups

pluralism

The theory that all interests are and should be free to compete for influence in the government.

How does the Madisonian model work to ensure that no single interest dominates the political process

was a strict adherence to the system of separation of powers which avoids excessive influence over the nation's affairs by minority or majority factions. lies on republic. checks and power

Does that model ensure that all interests within a democratic political system are represented equally and fairly? Why or why not?

It did not ensure or guarantee equality and fairness in the democratic political system but instead its designed to manage and balance all the diverse and conflicting interests

Why are some interest groups more effective at influencing political outcomes than others?

they have greater financial resources, more committed members, and better access to policymakers

Why do interest groups form?

to give a collective voice to a shared interest, enabling individuals to influence public policy by lobbying lawmakers, providing information, and mobilizing public support.

Why are there some challenges to collective action?

The Free-Rider Problem,Coordination Failures

What is the free rider problem?

occurs when individuals benefit from public goods and services without contributing to their cost, leading to underfunding and under-provision of those goods

How do interest groups overcome that problem

by offering selective benefits that are only available to group members

How did James Madison define a "faction"? Did Madison think highly of factions?

Number of citizens, whether it's a majority or minority of the role, the whole, who are united and actuated by some common impulse of passion, or of interest, adverse to the rights of other citizens, or to the permanent and aggregate interests of the community. No

What are the two methods of curing the "mischiefs of faction"?

by removing its causes and the other and by controlling its effects

What is wrong with the first method?

he believed removing Liberty was worse than air to fire, because it nourishes faction, than it would be to wish the annihilation of air, which is essential to animal life, because it imparts to fire its destructive agency

What is wrong with the second method?

is as impracticable as the first would be unwise. As long as the reason of man continues fallible, and he is at liberty to exercise it, different opinions will be formed

How are the "latent causes of faction (groups with shared interests/passions) sown in the nature of man"?

There is a propensity of mankind to fall into mutual animosities - even the most frivolous and fanciful distinctions have been sufficient to kindle their unfriendly passions and excite their most violent conflicts including the most common and durable source of factions - the various and unequal distribution of property.groups with shared interests/passions) are inherent in human nature, stemming from our diverse opinions, unequal distribution of property/interests, and natural human passions/ambitions for power, leading people to form groups and clash over beliefs, resources, and influence, which a republic manages, not eliminates. 

.If the causes of faction cannot be removed, what is the remedy?

Relief can only be found through controlling the effects of factions

What are the two methods by which that remedy can be attained?

Either the existence of a majority special interest must be prevented, or this majority special interest must be rendered, by their number and local situation, unable to concert and carry into effect schemes of oppression.

Which method is preferable?

Since a majority special interest cannot be limited, the most preferable is the existence of a majority special interest

What is a pure democracy unable to cure the mischiefs of faction?

In a pure democracy with a majority common interest who assembles and administers the government will always sacrifice the minority or weaker party (when there is nothing in place to induce the protections of the minority or weaker parties).

What is a republic preferable to a democracy in promising a cure for faction?

A larger republic can dilute the power of any single group, while a pure democracy lacks this safeguard.

Why is the size of the legislative body important in curing the "mischief of faction"?

However small the republic may be, the representatives must be raised to a certain number, in order to guard against the cabals of a few; and that, however large it may be, they must be limited to a certain number, in order to guard against the confusion of a multitude.

Why is the size of the congressional district important in curing the "mischief of faction"?

each representative will be chosen by a greater number of citizens in the large than in the small republic, it will be more difficult for unworthy candidates to practice with success the vicious arts by which elections are too often carried; and the suffrages (free vote) of the people will be more likely to focus on men who possess the most attractive merit and the most diffusive and established characters.

Why is the number of citizens important in curing the "mischief of faction"?(

The smaller the society, the fewer probably will be the distinct parties and interests composing it; the fewer the distinct parties and interests, the more frequently will a majority be found of the same party; and the smaller the number of individuals composing a majority, and the smaller the compass within which they are placed, the more easily will they concert and execute their plans of oppression. Extend the sphere, and you take in a greater variety of parties and interests; you make it less probable that a majority of the whole will have a common motive to invade the rights of other citizens; or if such a common motive exists, it will be more difficult for all who feel it to discover their own strength, and to act in unison with each other.

The smaller the number = the fewer needed to form a majority = the easier they will concert and execute their plans of oppression

The greater the number = the less probable that a majority of the whole will have a common motive to invade the rights of other citizens; or if such a common motive exists, it will be more difficult for all who feel it to discover their own strength, and to act in unison with each other.

How does a republican principle—federalism—cure the mischiefs of faction?

dividing governmental power, making it difficult for a faction controlling one level of government to spread influence nationwide

What is the remedy for the disease "most incident to republican government"?

extent and proper structure of the Union

interest group

An organized group of people that attempts to influence governmental policies. Also called lobby