Health Illness and Wellbeing Exam 3

Different clusters of diabetes and their known causes/risk factors

type 1 diabetes

genetic predisposition → immune system attacks the beta cells of the pancreas

occurs in adults who didn’t have it as children as well (environmental triggers like stress or viral infections)

insulin deficient

type 2 diabetes

strong genetic component to insulin sensitivity (GLUT 4) along with environmental factors (diet and activity)

insulin resistant

severe autoimmune, insulin deficient

cluster 1; type 1

insulin deficient, less severe, no antibodies, greatest risk for retinopathy

cluster 2; type 1

severe insulin resistant, greatest risk for kidney disease

cluster 3; type 2

obesity related insulin resistant 

cluster 4; type 2

age related insulin resistant

cluster 5; type 2

Process of diagnosis of diabetes

fasting plasma glucose test

• measures blood glucose after 8-hour fast

A1C test 

• measures average blood glucose over the past 2-3 months

Effects of insulin on muscle, liver, and fat cells.

stimulates glucose and amino acid uptake in muscle cells, liver cells, and adipocytes → maintaining muscle mass

stimulates glycogenesis (making glycogen) in liver and muscle cell (inhibits glycogenolysis)

stimulates fatty acid transport and triglyceride formation in adipocytes and liver cells

Glucagon and insulin- when/where are they released, and what are their effects?

blood glucose decreases (blood sugar drops too low): alpha cells release glucagon, which stimulates the breakdown of glycogen into glucose for release into blood

• gluconeogensis- the conversion of non carb sources into glucose

blood glucose increases: beta cells release insulin, which stimulates glucose uptake and conversion of glucose into glycogen

• synthesis of protein and fat as well

*both work to return blood glucose levels to normal

*beta and alpha cells are in pancreas

Precautions during exercise and special considerations for both T1 and T2

injury and soreness if formerly inactive

Role of diet and exercise in prevention and treatment of type 2 diabetes.

exercise works as insulin to bring glucose into cells (brings down blood sugar), works completely independent of insulin pathway

• this prevents the huge peak of blood sugar levels

improved insulin sensitivity and glucose tolerance

weight management

reduced need for medication

Role of nutrition in the prevention and management of diabetes (fiber and
carbohydrates)

eating in a way that limits peaks and troughs in blood sugar

• add other things that slow absorption along with carbs and starches (sugars), like protein and fiber

break up meals through out day so your not getting too high or too low

Insulin resistance- its role in T2 diabetes, and the way exercise can impact this

General exercise recommendations for individuals with diabetes

What might be some obstacles that would prevent someone with age-related diabetes from exercising? What are some safety recommendations that we offer when starting exercise that is specific to the population of individuals with diabetes?

Explain how exercise helps to lower blood sugar.

exercise works as insulin to bring glucose into cells (brings down blood sugar), works completely independent of insulin pathway

• this prevents the huge peak of blood sugar levels

What is the potential concern with administering insulin along with adding exercise to a daily routine?

Why are we particularly concerned with well-fitted shoes and foot care for the diabetic population?

What are the symptoms and risk factors associated with diabetes?

type 1: family history, autoimmune diseases, exposure to cow’s milk before the age of 1, early exposure to certain viruses, stopping breast feeding before 3 months

type 2: family history, being overweight, history of gestational diabetes or delivery of a baby over 9 lbs, HDL too low or triglycerides too high, and blood pressure too high

What nutritional advice would you give someone who has been diagnosed with Type 2 diabetes?