Psyc 2010

Emotion

Subjective state of being that we often describe as our feelings

Discrete Emotions Theory

Theroy that people experience a small number of distinct emotions

Anger, Fear, Sadness, Joy, Surprise, Disgust, Contempt

What are the primary emotions?

primary emotions combined

What are secondary emotions?

culture

_____ does not influence emotion itself, but instead its overt
expression

display rules

Cultures differ in _________

Pan Am

What are a fake showing of smiling called?

Duchenne

What are real showings of smiling called?

The eyes

How can you differentiate between fake and real smiles?

Cognitive Theories of Emotion

Posit that emotions are products of thinking, rather than the
other way around

James-Lange theory of emotion

which theory of emotion proposes that emotions result from
our interpretations of our bodily reactions to stimuli?

Damasio’s somatic marker theory

What did James-Lange theory of emotion influence?

Cannon-Bard theory of emotion

Proposes that an emotion-provoking event leads simultaneously to emotion and to bodily reactions

Two-factor theory

states that emotions are produced by an undifferentiated arousal (same across all conditions), with attribution of that arousal

Bodily Reaction

With the James-Lange theory, what cue is used to label the emotion?

Emotion is a consequence of thalamic activity

With the Cannon-Bard theory, what cue is used to label the emotion?

the situation

With the Two-Factor theory, what cue is used to label the emotion?

James-Lange

Stimulus ---> physiological reaction ---> emotion

Cannon-Bard

Stimulus ---> physiological reaction & emotion simultaneously

Two-Factor Theory

Stimulus ---> undifferentiated arousal + context --> emotion

Differentiated (specific)

In James-Lange, the physiological arousal is ________

Undifferentiated
(non-specific)

In Two-Factor Theory the physiological arousal is ________

Facial feedback hypothesis

states that you are more likely to feel emotions that correspond to your facial features

Nonverbal leakage

Spillover of our emotions into our nonverbal behavior (Tone & behavior do not match

]nonverbal

Much of emotional expression is _______

Proxemics

Study of personal space

Psychological disorder

condition characterized by abnormal thoughts, feelings, & behaviors

Psychopathology

the study of psychological disorders (symptoms, cause, & treatment)

Impairment in psychosocial functioning AND/OR Distress about your thoughts or behaviors

To meet criteria for a psychological disorder you need to have:

Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM)

Diagnostic system containing the APA criteria for mental disorders

Categories are descriptive - NOT explanations!
• High level of comorbidity
• Reliance on categorical rather than dimensional
model of psychopathology
• Vulnerable to political and social influences

Criticisms of DSM5

Provides universal descriptions
─ Multi-axial system (considers biological & social influences)
─ Considers cultural differences when diagnosing a disorder

Strengths of DSM5

Biological disposition; Stressful events

Disorder onset results from a combination of one's
____ + _____ --> disorder onset

Biopsychosocial model

posits that biological, psychological & social
factors, all play a significant role in mental health

schizophrenia

Sever disorder of thought and emotion associated with a loss of connect with reality

schizophrenia symptoms

disturbances in attention, thinking, language, emotion, and relationships

Delusions

strongly held beliefs with no basis in reality

Hallucinations

perceptual experience that occurs in the absence of external stimuli

Disorganized thinking

Tangentiality, word salad

Disorganized Motor Behavior

Catatonia (no movement)

- Flat affect (absence of emotional expression)
- Alogia (diminished speech output)
- Anhedonia (lack of pleasure)

Negative symptoms of schizophrenia

How closely related they are to someone with it

What determines how likely someone is to develop schizophrenia?

Overabundance

In schizophrenia, there is a _____ of dopamine in limbic system

Low dopamine

In schizophrenia, there is ______ in prefrontal cortex

schizophrenia

Which Psychological disorder has enlarged ventricles and Hypofrontality?

Anxiety Disorders

Which disorder is the most frequently occurring mental health disorders

Phobias

Overwhelming, persistent fear of a specific object or situation that’s greatly out of proportion to its actual threat

Social Anxiety Disorder (SAD)

Intense fear of being humiliated or embarrassed in social situations

Panic Disorder

repeated unexpected panic attacks

Panic Attacks

brief period of extreme fear or discomfort that onsets quickly & reaches a peak within 10 minuets

Generalized Anxiety Disorder (GAD)

Continual feelings of worry, anxiety across many life
areas for ≥ 6 months in which the person is not able to
specify a reason

Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder (OCD)

Recurrent, anxiety-provoking thoughts and/or urges (obsessions) to perform repetitive, ritualistic behaviors (compulsions) to prevent or produce some future situation

Hoarding Disorder & Body Dysmorphic Disorder

OC-Related Disorders

Posttraumatic Stress Disorder

Exposed to, witness, or experience a traumatic experience that
involves “actual or threatened death, serious injury, or sexual
violence”

Genetics, Behavioral inhibition (SAD), Distinct neural correlates (amygdala overactivation)

Biological Causes for anxiety & related disorders

Perfectionism/high standards (GAD), Gender differences, Conditioning/learning

Psycho-social Causes for anxiety & related disorders

Major Depressive Disorder

≥ two-week period of depressed mood or anhedonia
(diminished interest in pleasurable activities)

Bipolar disorder

A condition marked by a history of at least one manic episode

Tolerance

needing more of the substance to get the effect you want

Withdrawal

symptoms

2.8

What precent of men have Eds?

5.9

What precent of women have Eds?

1:2

What is the male to female ratio of ED?

Anorexia Nervosa (AN)

Low weight (BMI under 18.5), Fear of gaining weight or becoming fat, and Body image disturbances

Avoidant Restrictive Food Intake Disorder

Persistent failure to meet appropriate nutritional and/or energy
needs with Selective eating, poor appetite, and Food Fears

Bulimia Nervosa (BN)

A large amount of food eaten in one sitting with a sense of loss of control, and recurrent inappropriate compensatory behavior in order to prevent weight gain (purging or working out to lose weight

Binge Eating Disorder (BED)

Recurrent episodes of binge eating

Psychotherapy

Delivered by therapist or psychologist (MA/MS or PhD). "Talk Therapy"

Psychopharmacology

Medications Delivered by psychiatrist, PCP, or nurse (MD or ARNP)

Psychopharmacology

he scientific study of the effects drugs have on mood, sensation, thinking, and behavior

Antipsychotics & Atypical Antipsychotics

Medication for Schizophrenia

Anti-Depressants

Medication for Depression/Anxiety

Anti-Anxiety

Medication for Anxiety, agitation, panic

Mood Stabilizers

Medication for Bipolar Disorder

Stimulants

Medication for ADHD

1. Inpatient/ Medical Stabilization
2. Residential
3. Partial Hospital
4. Intensive out patient
5. Outpaitent

Levels of care from most extreme to least extreme

Cultural Competence

Understanding and addressing issues of race, culture, and
ethnicity and Recognize multiple client identities & integrating
into treatment as appropriate

Evidence-Based Practice

Making clinical decisions based on research

1. Number of Research Studies
2. Quality of Research Studies
3. Wether Experts agree that a treatment works

Qualities of Evidence-Based Treatment

Psychodynamic Therapy

Freud - Psychological problems result from repressed impulses & trauma in childhood. Rx should uncover repressed memories

Play Therapy

Children play out hopes, fantasies, or trauma using dolls or
figurines

Humanistic Therapy

In unconditional Positive regard, Client-Centered Therapy, Focuses on the present, conscious thought (vs. past, unconscious), Goal is to help people achieve their potential and become more aware and accepting of themselves

Behavior Therapy (BT)

Helps change undesirable behaviors by teaching new behaviors and Uses classical & operant conditioning principles

Counterconditioning

client learns new responses to stimuli that previously elicited undesirable behavior

Aversive conditioning

Uses unpleasant stimuli to stop behavior

Exposure therapy

Presenting the object/situation that is feared repeatedly until
habituation

Operant Conditioning

Based on rewards and consequences

Cognitive Therapy (CT)

thinking affects how we feel – certain thought processes lead
to feelings of distress and Helps change dysfunctional thought patterns (Aaron Beck)

CBT

____ involves efforts to change thinking patterns and behavioral patterns

Activating Event, Belief, Consequence

ABC

Bipolar Disorder

Primary EBP for ______

1. Individual Therapy
2. Group Skills training
3. Consultation Team
4. Telephone Coaching

Structure of Traditional DBT

behavioral skills; Problematic Behaviors

Behavioral Targets will increase ____ and Decrease ____

Mindfulness

Learning to be in control of your own mind, instead of letting your mind be in control of youFocus on present moment

Crisis Survival Strategies

tolerating short term pain without using behaviors

Guidelines for Accepting Reality

tolerating long term pain without using behaviors

1. Understand emotions
2. Change by acting opposite to
painful emotions
3. Reduce emotional vulnerability

Goals of Emotion Regulation Module

To create a rich and meaningful life, while accepting the pain that inevitably goes with it

Acceptance & Commitment Therapy (ACT) Goal

Acceptance vs. Experiential Avoidance

Feeling fully without defense and Being aware of thoughts & emotions without trying to change them

Cognitive Defusion vs. Fusion

Change the way you interact with or relate to your thoughts
& Use of metaphors