chabner ch 10 nervous system

dur/o

dura mater

encephal/o

brain

gli/o

glial cells

lept/o

thin, slender

mening/o, meningi/o

membranes, meninges

my/o

muscle

myel/o

spinal cord, bone marrow

neur/o

nerve

pont/o

pons

radicul/o

nerve root (of spinal nerves)

thalam/o

thalamus

thec/o

sheath (refers to the meninges)

vag/o

vagus nerve (10th cranial nerve)

alges/o, -algesia

sensitivity to pain

-algia

pain

caus/o

burning

comat/o

deep sleep (coma)

esthesi/o, -esthesia

feeling, nervous sensation

kines/o, kinesi/o, -kinesia, -kinesis, -kinetic

movement

-lepsy

seizure

lex/o

word, phrase

-paresis

weakness

-phasia

speech

-plegia

paralysis

-praxia

action

-sthenia

strength

syncop/o

to cut off, cut short

tax/o

order, coordination

What is cranial nerve I and what does it do?

Olfactory: smell

What is cranial nerve II and what does it do?

Optic: vision

What is cranial nerve III and what does it do?

Oculomotor: movies eyes up, down, and medial

What is cranial nerve IV (4)? (don't need to know what it does)

Trochlear

What is cranial nerve V (5) and what does it do?

Trigeminal: face sensation

What is cranial nerve VI (6) and what does it do?

Abducens: lateral vision

What is cranial nerve VII (7) and what does it do?

Facial: face muscles

What is cranial nerve VIII (8) and what does it do?

Auditory: hearing

What are cranial nerves IX (9) and X (10) and what do they do?

Glossopharyngeal and vagus: gag reflex/swallowing

What is cranial nerve XI (11) and what does it do?

Accessory: upper traps

What is cranial nerve XII (12) and what does it do?

Hypoglossal: tongue, speech/swallowing

What is Bell's Palsy and what causes it?

Temporary facial paralysis resulting from damage, inflammation or trauma to the 7th cranial nerve. It causes muscle weakness in one side of the face.

What are the main specialized functions of the left side of the brain? (4)

Language, math, reasoning, analytical

What are the main specialized functions of the right side of the brain? (4)

Spacial relationships, art, music, intuition

What are the differences between a thrombus, embolus, hemorrhagic stroke and aneurysm?

A thrombus and embolus are both blood clots, but an embolus is one that has traveled into the brain and a thrombus is one that begins in the brain. A hemorrhagic stroke is when a vessel bursts and bleeds into the brain. A aneurysm is just a ballooned vessel.

Is poor judgement, unrealistic behavior, impulsiveness and denial common after a L or R CVA?

Right

Is difficulty retaining information common after a L or R CVA?

Right

Is distortion of time concepts common after a L or R CVA?

Right

Is distractability with short attention span common after a R or L CVA?

Right

Is poor self monitoring common after a R or L CVA?

right

is poor motor planning common after a L or R CVA?

Right

Are perceptual motor deficits such as neglect, spatial orientation, and figure ground discrimination common after a L or R CVA?

Right

Is processing delays common with R or L CVA?

Left

Is verbal and manual perseveration common with L or R CVA?

Left

Is apraxia (motor or ideational) common with R or L CVA?

Left

Is aphasia (expressive-Boca's area, or receptive-wernicke's area, or global) common with L or R CVA?

Left

Is poor verbal problem solving common with R or L CVA?

left

Is reduced auditory retention common with R or L CVA?

Left

What is the more common thing seen with a left CVA (besides muscle weakness)?

Language aphasias

How many lobes does the cerebrum have and what are they?

4. occipital, temporal, frontal, parietal

What cognitive functions is the cerebrum associated with? (5)

Thought, judgement, memory, association, discrimination

What is the cerebral cortex?

Outer layer of the cerebrum, gray matter that covers the white matter

What happens to the brain with Alzheimers?

atrophy of cerebral cortex, widening of sulci

What are 6 things that the frontal lobe of the cerebrum does?

-concentration

-thought/learning

-behavior

-executive functions

-personality

-producing language (Left hemisphere, Broca's area)

What are 3 things that the parietal lobe of the cerebrum does?

-touch perception

-manipulation of objects

-integration of senses

What does the occipital lobe of the cerebrum do? (1)

-visual reception

What are 3 things that the temporal lobe of the cerebrum does?

-hearing

-memory acquisition/long term memory

-understanding language (left hemisphere, wernicke's area)

What is the central sulcus?

separates the parietal lobe form the frontal lobe AND the primary motor cortex from the primary somatosensory cortex

What are the ventricles?

Spaces in the middle of the cerebrum

Where is cerebrospinal fluid located?

watery fluid, flows through brain and spinal cord

What is hydrocephalus?

a condition in which fluid accumulates in the brain, typically in young children, enlarging the head and sometimes causing brain damage.

What 2 things does the thalamus do?

-integrates and monitors sensory sensations from skin

-pain perception

What 4 things does the hypothalamus do?

-body temp

-sleep

-appetite

-sexual desire

What does the hippocampus do? (1 and 1 related disorder)

-memory

-PTSD

What does the amygdala do?

Processes emotions, especially fear

What are 2 things that the cerebellum does and 1 related disorder?

-coordination of voluntary movements

-balance and posture

-ataxia

What causes cerebral palsy and what are the symptoms?

Usually essentially a brain injury at birth (although can happen later on too) usually from lack of oxygen or blood flow to the brain

Symptoms are wide ranging in severity and vary depending on part of brain affected

What Is multiple sclerosis and what are the symptoms?

MS is caused by destruction of myelin in the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM

Symptoms vary widely. Usually there are bouts of exacerbation and remission.

What causes huntington disease and what are the symptoms?

Hereditary disorder

mental and physical deterioration

What are the two types of brain tumors?

Malignant and benign

What causes epilepsy and what are the two types of seizures?

-Seizures result from a brain disorder; abnormal sudden electrical charges that often cause a sudden loss of consciousness, falling, and involuntary contractions

-Petit mal (might not have contractions, might just look like staring into space). Grand mal (more serious, contractions, falling, etc.)

What are 6 things that the basal ganglia does?

-voluntary motor movements

-procedural learning

-routine behaviors

-eye movements

-cognition

-emotion

What are two disorders related to the basal ganglia?

Parkinson's and tourette syndrome

What causes parkinson's and what are some symptoms?

-deficiency of dopamine

-kyphotic posture, shuffling gait, muscle stiffness, tremors, flat affect

What causes tourette syndrome and what are the symptoms?

-excess or hypersensitivity to dopamine

-involuntary movements, vocal sounds, inappropriate words, tics

What are the meninges?

Three layers of connective tissue membranes that surround the brain and spinal cord

What is a problem associated with the meninges?

Meningitis

What is meningitis and what are some symptoms?

-inflammation of the meninges caused by a bacteria or virus.

-headache, stiff neck, fever, fatigue

The pons and medulla oblongata are are parts of the____________

brain stem

What does the pons do?

nerves for face and eyes, bridge for nerve fiber tracts

What does the medulla oblongata do?

connects the spinal cord with the rest of the brain. Respiration, cardiac and vasomotor function

What is a disorder related to the brain stem? (2)

ALS-amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, brainstem infarct

What causes ALS and what are the symptoms?

-degeneration of the motor neurons in the SPINAL CORD and BRAINSTEM

-weakness and atrophy of muscles

-live 1-3 years

What is a brainstem infarct? and what is the prognosis usually?

-Stroke in the brain stem

-people usually do not live because respiration is controlled there.

-if they do survive they usually have "locked in" syndrome.

What are the 3 major roles of the spinal cord?

1. relay messages from the brain to different body parts to perform a motor action

2. pass messages from sensory receptors to brain

3. coordinate reflexes

What muscles are tested for a C5 injury?

Elbow flexors (biceps, brachialis)

What muscles are tested for a C6 injury?

Wrist extensors (extensor carpi radialis longus and brevis)

What muscles are tested for a C7 injury?

Elbow extensors (triceps)

What muscles are tested for a C8 injury?

Finger flexors (flexor digitorum profundus) to the middle finger

What muscles are tested for a T1 injury?

small finger abductors (abductor digiti minimi)

What are 4 diseases related to the spinal cord?

-spina bifida

-cauda equina injury

-Multiple Sclerosis

-ALS

What is spina bifida and what are the symptoms?

-neural tube defect where the meninges protrude outside the body (meningocele)

-usually causes paralysis below level of the lesion