RAD ANA BILIRARY SYSTEM

Biliary System

Biliary System

Manufacture, Transport, Storage of Bile

Liver

Largest solid organ in the human body and weighs 3

Right Lobe

One of the two major lobes of the liver, separated by the Falciform Ligament.

Left Lobe

One of the two major lobes of the liver, separated by the Falciform Ligament.

Quadrate Lobe

Located on the inferior surface of the right lobe between the gallbladder and falciform ligament.

Caudate Lobe

Located posterior to the quadrate lobe, which extends superiorly to the diaphragmatic surface.

Functions of the Liver

Performs 100 different functions, including manufacturing bile (secretes 800 to 1000mL of bile per day) and aiding in the digestion of fats.

Bile

A greenish yellow, thick, sticky fluid consisting of bile salts, electrolytes, bile pigments, cholesterol, and other fats.

Functions of Bile

Aiding in digestion and eliminating certain waste products (mainly hemoglobin and excess cholesterol) from the body.

Bile Salts

Aid in digestion by making cholesterol, fats, and fat

Bilirubin

The main pigment in bile, formed from hemoglobin and excreted in bile.

Gallbladder

A pear

Gallbladder Size

Normal gallbladder is 7

Gallbladder Capacity

Generally holds 30

Cystic Duct

Is 3 to 4 cm long and contains several membranous folds along its length.

Common Bile Duct

Averages 7.5 cm in length and has an internal diameter about the size of a drinking straw.

Pancreatic Duct

Terminal end of the common bile duct.

Sphincter of Oddi

A ring

Bile Salt Reabsorption

About 90% of bile salts are reabsorbed into the bloodstream through the wall of the lower small intestine.

Radiograph of Gallbladder

The LAO position demonstrates the cystic duct and the three major divisions of the gallbladder: Cystic Duct, Neck, Body, Fundus.

Oral Cholecystogram

In the past, contrast medium was ingested orally for a cholecystogram, now replaced by sonography.

Sonography Advantages

No Ionizing Radiation, Detection of Small Calculi, No Contrast Medium, Less Patient Preparation.

CHOLE

Prefix denoting relationship to bile.

CYSTO

Prefix denoting sac or bladder.

CHOLANGIOGRAM

Radiographic examination of biliary ducts.

CHOLECYSTOCHOLANGIOGRAM

Study of both the gallbladder and the biliary ducts.

CHOLELITHS

Gallstones.

CHOLELITHIASIS

Condition of having gallstones.

CHOLECYSTITIS

Inflammation of the gallbladder.

CHOLECYSTECTOMY

Surgical removal of gallbladder.

Digestive System

Includes the entire alimentary canal and several accessory organs.

Alimentary Canal

Begins at oral cavity, continues as the pharynx, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, and terminates as the anus.

Accessory Organs

Includes the salivary glands, pancreas, liver, and gallbladder.

Primary Functions of Digestive System

Intake or Digestion, Absorb digested particles, Elimination of unused material in the form of semisolid waste products.

Esophagogram

A radiographic examination specifically of the pharynx and esophagus.

Upper Gastrointestinal Series

Designed to study the distal esophagus, stomach, and duodenum in one examination.

Oral Cavity

Part of the oral region, continuous posteriorly with the cavity of the pharynx.

Hard Palate

A thin horizontal bony plate of the skull located in the roof of the mouth.

Soft Palate

Moveable, consisting of muscle fibers sheathed in mucous membrane.

Palatine Uvula

Fleshy tissue aiding food movement toward throat.

Tongue

Muscular organ for taste, chewing, and speech.

Pharynx

Cavity connecting nose and mouth to esophagus.

Salivary Glands

Secrete 1000

Mastication

Chewing process initiating mechanical digestion.

Deglutition

Process of swallowing food.

Saliva

99.5% water; begins digestion by dissolving food.

Parotid Gland

Largest salivary gland, located near the ear.

Submandibular Gland

Salivary gland located below the mandible.

Sublingual Gland

Salivary gland located below the tongue.

Mumps

Inflammation of parotid glands caused by virus.

Esophagus

Muscular canal connecting pharynx to stomach.

Peristalsis

Involuntary contractions moving materials through canal.

Mucous Cells

Secrete mucus gel layer in the stomach.

Parietal Cells

Secrete gastric acid and intrinsic factor.

Chief Cells

Secrete pepsinogen and rennin in the stomach.

Enteroendocrine Cells

Secrete various hormones throughout the stomach.

Gastrin

Hormone increasing HCl and pepsinogen secretion.

Cholecystokinin (CCK)

Hormone decreasing gastric emptying, increasing pancreatic juice.

Secretin

Hormone reducing stomach acid secretion.

Gastric Inhibitory Peptide (GIP)

Hormone decreasing gastric acid and motility.

Glycogen

Produced in brain/stomach; affects liver glucose levels.

Rugae

Muscle ridges lining the stomach for digestion.

Pyloric Sphincter

Muscular valve regulating food passage to duodenum.

Esophagogastric Junction

Opening between esophagus and stomach.

Cardiac Sphincter

Allows passage through the cardiac orifice.

Fundus

Ballooned portion above the cardiac orifice.

Pylorus

Part of the stomach leading to the duodenum.

Angular Notch

Notch separating stomach body from pylorus.

Pyloric Antrum

Dilated area distal to the angular notch.

Pyloric Canal

Tube leading to the pyloric sphincter.

Gastric Canal

Pathway funneling fluid to the pylorus.

Supine Position

Fundus is posterior; barium settles here.

RAO

Prone Position

Erect Position

Air fills fundus; barium descends.

Duodenum

First part of the small intestine.

Duodenal Bulb

First part of the superior duodenum.

Duodenal Papilla

Opening for bile and pancreatic ducts.

Duodenojejunal Flexure

Junction of duodenum and jejunum.

Ligament of Treitz

Muscular band holding duodenum in place.

Chemical Digestion

Chemical changes food undergoes in digestion.

Body Habitus

Classification of body types affecting anatomy.

Hypersthenic

Large frame; 5% of population.

Sthenic

Average body type; 50% of population.

Hyposthenic

Smaller than average; 35% of population.

Asthenic

Extremely small frame; 10% of population.

Radiolucent Contrast Media

Includes air and carbon dioxide.

Radiopaque Contrast Media

Barium sulfate used for GI imaging.

Thin Barium

1:1 barium to water mixture.

Thick Barium

3

Barium Motility

Depends on medium, additives, and temperature.

Contraindications to Barium

Risk of peritonitis if leakage occurs.

Double Contrast

Uses both radiolucent and radiopaque media.

Postexamination Elimination

Large intestine absorbs water; barium retention.

Achalasia

Stricture or narrowing of the esophagus.

Barrett's Esophagus

Stricture or streaked appearance in esophagus.

Esophageal Varices

Narrowing with a wormlike appearance.

Upper GI Series

Examines distal esophagus, stomach, and duodenum.

Clinical Indications for UGI Series

Conditions like ulcers and diverticula.

Px Preparation for UGI Series

NPO for 8 hours before examination.