AP Psych Final unit 4

Pavlolv’s experiment: US, UR, CS, CR

US: food, UR: salivating, CS: tone, CR: salivating

(US) Unconditioned stimulus

in classical conditioning, a stimulus that unconditionally- natural and automatic - triggers a conditioned response

(UR) Unconditioned response

in classical conditioning, an unlearned, naturally occurring response to an unconditioned stimulus

(CS) Controlled stimulus

in classical conditioning, an originally neutral stimulus that, after association with a US, comes to trigger a CR

(CR) Conditioned response

in classical conditioning, a learned response to a previously neutral (now conditioned) stimulus

Watsons experiment: US, UR, CS, CR

US: loud noise, UR: cry, CS: mouse, CR: cry

Neutral stimulus

in classical conditioning, a stimulus that elicits no response before conditioning

Spontaneous recovery

the reappearance, after a pause, of an extinguished conditioned response

• suggests that extinction suppresses the CR (not eliminates it)

generalization

the tendency, once a response has been conditioned, for stimuli similar to the conditioned stimulus to elicit similar responses

• operant conditioning: occurs when responses learned in other situation occur in other, similar situations

discrimination

• in classical conditioning: the learned ability to distinguish between a conditioned stimulus and similar stimuli that do not signal an unconditioned stimulus

• in operant conditioning: the ability to distinguish responses that are reinforced from similar responses that are not reinforcers

operant chamber

a chamber containing a bar or key that an animal can manipulate to obtain a food or water reinforcer; attached devices record the animals action rate of bar or key

BF Skinner

• operant chamber

• reinforcement

• developed a behavioral tech that shows principles of behavior control

• pigeons

• explored conditions that foster good learning

Thorndike’s Law of Effect

Thorndike’s principle that behaviors followed by good consequences become more likely, and that behaviors followed by unfavorable consequences become less likely

Positive Reinforcement

increasing behaviors by presenting positive reinforcers (when presented after it strengthens the response)

Negative Reinforcement

increasing behaviors by stopping or reducing aversive stimuli

• removed after strengthens response

• not punishment

Positive punishment

administer of an aversive stimulus, in order to decrease the behavior that it follows

Negative punishment

withdraw a rewarding stimulus, in order to decrease the behavior that it follows

Primary reinforcers

an innately reinforcing stimulus, such as one that satisfies a biological need

Secondary reinforcers

a stimulus that gains its reinforcing power through its association with a primary reinforcer

Continuous reinforcement schedule

reinforcing the desired response every time it occurs (with this learning occurs, quickly but extinction does too)

fixed-ratio reinforcement schedule

in operant conditioning, a reinforcement schedule that reinforces a response only after a specified number of responses (every so many)

fixed-interval reinforcement schedule

in operant conditioning, a reinforcement schedule that reinforces a response only after a specified time has elapsed (every so often)

variable interval reinforcement schedule

in operant conditioning, a reinforcement schedule that reinforces a response at unpredictable time intervals (unpredictably often)

variable ratio reinforcement schedule

in operant conditioning, a reinforcement schedule that reinforces a response after an unpredictable number of responses (after an unpredictable number)