mock only - Dynamic Development

Mock only

6.1b - which factors make it hard for a country to break out of poverty (just name them)

• debt

• trade

• political unrest

6.1b - how does debt make it hard for a country to break out of poverty?

Debt =

• many LIDCs have borrowed money to pay for development projects.

• Poverty has meant most of these haven’t been paid back, but some donor countries have cancelled or reduced the debt to help LIDCs.

• Debt is a barrier to development because it means LIDCs waste money paying countries back, rather than developing their own services.

6.1b - how does trade make it hard for a country to break out of poverty?

Trade =

• global trade favours richer countries. rich countries form trading groups called blocs which LIDCs cant join

• TNCs are based in LIDCs, where workers are exploited.

• For LIDCs to develop, they need to receieve a fair income for the products that they produce (fair trade)

• it is easier to trade manufactured goods and services (e.g. trucks) than primary resources (e.g. vegetables). and LIDCs only trade primary resources.

6.1b - how does political unrest make it hard for a country to break out of poverty?

Political unrest =

having a corrupt government means that LIDCs cant develop because…

• ACs do not want to trade with unstable governments,

• corruption means there is less development into internal services.

• Civil wars drain a country’s resources and it is costly to repair infrastructure that has been damaged

• if aid is given to a government of a country in a civil war, the aid money is not always spent on services. sometimes corrupt governments use it to spend on weapons.

6.2a - influences of development in Ethiopia in the 70s and 80s

• 1974 - 1981 = 1 million people died in civil war (social, political)

• 1984 = 1 million people died because of drought and famine (social)

6.2a - influences of development in Ethiopia in the 1990s

• 1991 = communist rule, the derg, lost power, became democratic nation (political)

• 1990s = government allowed farmers to buy imported fertilisers and machinery without tax (economic)

6.2a - influences of development in Ethiopia in the 2010s

• agriculture increased (economic)

• more support from USA (political)

• stable government meant ACs were more attracted to trade with Ethiopia (political → economic)

• more trust between locals and authorities, so less riots (political + social)

6.2a - describe each of the stages of Rostow’s model

• Stage 1 - most people are employed in agriculture. Not much money is being made by the country and there is little trade.

• Stage 2 - lots of people are still employed in agriculture but there is machinery. Infrastructure like roads and power. International trade. 

• Stage 3 - rapid intensive growth. Large scale industrialisation. Increasing wealth. 

• Stage 4 - economy grows -> wealthier people + better standard of living

• Stage 5 - everyone has disposable income. High levels of consumption. Lots of trade

6.2a - Which level does ethiopia fit into on the rostow’s model + why

• Ethiopia fits into Stage 2

• because its top exports are coffee and vegetables.

• It makes most of its money from agriculture

• the government encourages this (in the 2000s they allowed farmers to import fertilisers and machinery tax-free).

• However if you look at it from a social perspective rather than economical you could argue that Ethiopia is in Stage 1 since 70% of people live in rural areas.

6.2a - which MIllenium development goals has ethiopia attempted to reach

• “Achieve universal primary education”

• “Eradicate extreme hunger and poverty”

• “Improved maternal health”

6.2a - how has ethiopia attempted to reach MDG “achieve universal primary education”

• 96% of children go to primary school. 

• However literacy rate is still low, at 36%

• There are more males than females in school

6.2a - how has ethiopia attempted to reach MDG “eradicate extreme hunger and poverty”

• population living in poverty has dropped from 49% to 29%

• However 40% of children are still malnourished 

• 28% of the population have insufficient access to food

6.2a - how has Ethiopia attempted to rach MDG “imrpove maternal health”

• 55% of women now have access to contraception

• Maternal mortality has dropped to 23% due to better care

• Age of mothers is increasing due to Less forced pregnancies

6.2b - what is Ethiopia’s international trade like? and how does this affect development

• Ethiopia imports more than it exports so it is in a trade deficit

• The top exports are in the primary sector - coffee, vegetables, oilseeds and livestock. 

• To move into stage 3 of Rostow’s model, the trade deficit must be reduced so that Ethiopia can spend more money in improving infrastructure, education and healthcare

6.2b - the benefits of TNCs in Ethiopia

• Hilton Addis Ababa grants 150 three-month apprenticeships to local people.

  • This helps employ some of the 1.4 million Ethiopianas searching for jobs

• Employees receive free gym memberships and two weeks of paid holidays

• Hotels in Ethiopia will contribute £2bn to the GDP in 2024

• If ethiopia makes more money through tourism, it will diversify the economy, Meaning it is no longer 80% dependant on primary resources.

6.2b - drawbacks of TNCs

• lots of the profits are ‘leaked’ back to the US, meaning that they make more money than Ethiopia

• Jobs are seasonal, low-paid and have long hours. This harms the peoples welfare

• Too rapid of an increase in tourism

6.2b - the drawbacks of TNCs … what is the impact of ‘too rapid of an increase in tourism’

• clashes between locals and foreigners,

• spiralling prices which locals cannot keep up with,

• increased crime

6.2b - advantages of international aid + debt relief.

• Helps rebalance global inequality

• It is repayment for the benefits ACs got from colonialism

• Everyone should have access to the essentials of life

6.2b advanatges of internional aid and debt relief … give an example of where this has happened

• in 1995 Ethiopia was $10bn in debt,

• but by 2012 this reduced to $7bn thanks to debt relief.

• This reduction meant that the government could spend more money on healthcare and education services, rather than paying back ACs

6.2b - disadvantages of international aid and debt relief

•  it encourages dependency on other countries

• Donors may decide what aid to give and this is not always what is most needed (solar panels example)

• It may be given to a corrupt government who use it to pay for wars or weapons 

• Even after debt relief, Ethiopia still needs more than $500 million / year of aid

6.2c - advantages of an example of top down aid

• The Gibe III Dam on the Omo river supplies electricity to half of Ethiopia

• Dispatchable energy can be exported to Kenya and Sudan, increasing GDP

• The electricity generated from the dam is renewable, so good for environment 🙌🙌

6.2c - disadvantages of an example of top down aid

• The dam reduces volume of water in the river.

  • 200,000 people rely on the Omo River for farming and animal herding, so this will affect them

• Tribes cannot use the land for crops because there is less water

6.2c - advantages for one bottom-up strategy

goat scheme run by farm africa

• provides 3 goats to 7000 women

• This is good because goats are well-adapted to the harsh conditions and can eat plants that grow in the poorest of soils, meaning they will not die and prove the scheme worthless

• Goats provide milk and kids to sell, generating enough income to feed a family for 1 year, plus send a child to school

• The manure from goats can help fertilise soil, increasing crop yield

• When the goats reproduce, it gives the same opportunities for improvement to different women. So the cycle is continuous

6.2c - disadvantages for one bottom up stragety

• caring for a goat can be expensive and people want to prioritise their own nutrition and shelter over the goat. This means the goats may die quickly

• Goat’s hooves can break up soil as they walk, increasing erosion during dry season which can negatively affect crop yield