d and f block para 2

Oxidation States

The charge of an atom after it has gained or lost electrons, with transition metals exhibiting variable oxidation states.

Manganese Oxidation States

Manganese exhibits oxidation states ranging from +2 to +7.

Scandium (Sc) Stability

Scandium(II) is virtually unknown due to its low oxidation state.

Titanium Stability

Titanium(IV) is more stable than Ti(III) or Ti(II) due to its ability to lose more electrons.

Zinc Oxidation State

The only oxidation state of zinc is +2, with no d electrons involved in bonding.

Transition Elements Oxidation State Variability

The variability of oxidation states in transition elements arises from the incomplete filling of d orbitals.

Differences in Oxidation State Variability

Transition elements may differ in oxidation states by unity, while non-transition elements typically differ by two.

Group 6 Stability Comparison

In group 6, Mo(VI) and W(VI) are more stable than Cr(VI), which serves as a strong oxidizing agent.

Inert Pair Effect

The trend where heavier members of the p-block favor lower oxidation states, unlike d-block where upper members do.

Fe, Co, Ni Oxidation States

Typical oxidation states are Fe(II,III), Co(II,III), Ni(II), Cu(I,II), Zn(II).