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Why do eukaryotic organelles have membranes?
useful for maintaining different environments, like a different pH, and having specialization in tasks
Nucleus
Function: The job of the nucleus is to store DNA securely
Structure: has a nucleolus, dense region with chromatin, protected by a nuclear envelope membrane
Ribosomes
Function: A structure that builds proteins by transcribing mRNA
Structure: Two halves of modules are dispersed all over the insides of the cell
Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum
Function: It helps make proteins, synthesizes membranes, and transports vesicles
Structure: It has a rough membrane due to ribosomes on the outside
Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum
Function: Synthesizes lipids, metabolizes carbohydrates, and detoxifies
Structure: It has no ribosomes on the outside, making it have nothing to do with making proteins
Why is a lot of Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum found in the liver?
The liver detoxifies a lot of stuff for your body, so it needs a lot of Smooth ER for its function of detoxifying
Golgi Apparatus
Function: Sorts and packages proteins into transport vesicles
Structure: It looks a pancake folded onto itself for many layers
Lysosome
Function: The garbage disposal through autophagy (eat self), additionally eats outside material through phagocytosis
Structure: a spherical sac of digestive enzymes
Vacuoles
Function: Stores material the cell may need later or needs to get rid of
Structure: a sac covered by a membrane
Cytoskeleton
Function: Allows transport of vesicles through the cell and keeps the cell stable
Structure: Lines across the cell, sort of like branches or a web. These lines are what vesicles travel through.
Cytoplasm
Function: Holds all the organelles and structures in place
Structure: a fluid all over the inside of the cell
Cell Membrane
Function: Monitors transport in and out of the cell
Structure: a phospholipid bilayer, proteins on the inside wall and through the wall, and carbohydrates on the outside wall
Cell Wall
Function: Keeps a plant cell rigid
Structure: Made of cellulose, a compound held together by a string of hydrogen bonds, so it is very rigid
Chloroplast
Function: Makes glucose sugars out of light energy and dioxygen
Structure: Has chlorophyl, structured in thylakoids, that are protected by three membranes
Mitochondria
Function: Makes ATP out of glucose
Structure: 2 membranes
What is the evidence behind endosymbiotic theory?
Chloroplasts and Mitochondria have their own DNA and ribosomes, and they differ in amount of membranes from other membrane bound organelles. Additionally, the DNA they do have is circular—like a bacteria—so it is likely a eukaryote ate a prokaryote and they both co-evolved.