Membrane Bound Organelles

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What is the endomembrane system? What are it's functions and structures?

Biology

Cells

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Why do eukaryotic organelles have membranes?

useful for maintaining different environments, like a different pH, and having specialization in tasks

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Nucleus

Function: The job of the nucleus is to store DNA securely

Structure: has a nucleolus, dense region with chromatin, protected by a nuclear envelope membrane

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Ribosomes

Function: A structure that builds proteins by transcribing mRNA

Structure: Two halves of modules are dispersed all over the insides of the cell

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Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum

Function: It helps make proteins, synthesizes membranes, and transports vesicles

Structure: It has a rough membrane due to ribosomes on the outside

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Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum

Function: Synthesizes lipids, metabolizes carbohydrates, and detoxifies

Structure: It has no ribosomes on the outside, making it have nothing to do with making proteins

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Why is a lot of Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum found in the liver?

The liver detoxifies a lot of stuff for your body, so it needs a lot of Smooth ER for its function of detoxifying

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Golgi Apparatus

Function: Sorts and packages proteins into transport vesicles

Structure: It looks a pancake folded onto itself for many layers

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Lysosome

Function: The garbage disposal through autophagy (eat self), additionally eats outside material through phagocytosis

Structure: a spherical sac of digestive enzymes

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Vacuoles

Function: Stores material the cell may need later or needs to get rid of

Structure: a sac covered by a membrane

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Cytoskeleton

Function: Allows transport of vesicles through the cell and keeps the cell stable

Structure: Lines across the cell, sort of like branches or a web. These lines are what vesicles travel through.

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Cytoplasm

Function: Holds all the organelles and structures in place

Structure: a fluid all over the inside of the cell

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Cell Membrane

Function: Monitors transport in and out of the cell

Structure: a phospholipid bilayer, proteins on the inside wall and through the wall, and carbohydrates on the outside wall

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Cell Wall

Function: Keeps a plant cell rigid

Structure: Made of cellulose, a compound held together by a string of hydrogen bonds, so it is very rigid

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Chloroplast

Function: Makes glucose sugars out of light energy and dioxygen

Structure: Has chlorophyl, structured in thylakoids, that are protected by three membranes

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Mitochondria

Function: Makes ATP out of glucose

Structure: 2 membranes

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What is the evidence behind endosymbiotic theory?

Chloroplasts and Mitochondria have their own DNA and ribosomes, and they differ in amount of membranes from other membrane bound organelles. Additionally, the DNA they do have is circular—like a bacteria—so it is likely a eukaryote ate a prokaryote and they both co-evolved.