Chapter 24 - New Worlds: The Americas and Oceania (#2)

K. Applegate - Imported from Quizlet

Taíno

-native people in Caribbean
-settled by 900 CE by canoe
-cultivated manioc
-chiefdoms
-little resistance to Spanish, participated in trade

Spanish Arrival

-capital at fort of Santo Domingo in 1498
-tried to mine gold
-labor from encomienda; labor in return for welfare and health, encomenderos-Spanish
-decline of Taino populations bc of abuse and social disruption: 1515

Smallpox

-replaced workers by kidnapping Taino
-decline of population bc of disease

Plantation Agriculture

-pirates in Caribbean waters
-establishment of plantations by English, Dutch and French in 1640s
-sugar and tobacco: cash crops farmed in Caribbean

Conquest of Mexico and Peru

-conquistadors moved to mainland Americas
-decline of Inca and Aztec rule by Pizarro and Cortes

Hernan Cortes

-search for gold in 1519 in Mexico
-captured Motecuzoma II, died in 1520
-Cuauhtemoc: last Aztec emperor
-Cortes starved Tenochtitlan to surrender in 1521
-Spanish military advantage: swords, muskets, cannons, horses
-allied with native ppl of Mexico: Dona Marina

Epidemic Disease

-smallpox spread through continent and killed off large populations

Francisco Pizarro

-arrived in Peru in 1530, after ruling dispute between Huascar and Atahualpa
-took Inca capital at Cuzco in 1533
-killed Inca ruling elites
-had Atahualpa deliver gold, then killed him
-took gold and silver from Cuzco
-natives allied with Spanish
-smallpox killed populations

Spanish Colonial Administration

-Mexico and Peru governed by viceroy responsible to Spanish king
-built new capital Mexico City
-capital Lima in Peru
-audiencias to make sure viceroys didn't gain power
-heard appeals against decisions and policies
-reviews of viceroys' performance
-communication limited supervision of viceroys
-administration fell to town councils
-difficult communication between Americas and Spain

New Cities

-growth of cities; St. Augustine in Florida
-Panama, Concepcion, Buenos Aires in Peru

Portuguese Brazil

-treaty of Tordesillas in 1494; divided world along imaginary line; Spain west of line, Portuguese east
-Pedro Alvares de Cabral stopped in Brazil, little interest
-interest in Brazil arose when French and Dutch established sugar plantations on coast

Colonial American Society

-Spanish and Portugues; languages of govt, business, society
-Amazon Basin and Paraguay; maintained native traditions-made bread of manioc, used hammocks and canoes, spoke Guarani and Tupi languages
-large migrations of Spanish and Portuguese to New World

Foundation of Colonies

-French colonies at Port Royal, Quebec
-English colonies at Jamestown,Massachusetts Bay Colony
-Dutch: New Amsterdam, seized by Englsih in 1664
-French settled in eastern Canada, scouted St. Lawrence, Ohio and Mississippi Rivers
-English settled on east coast of USA
-wanted fur, pitch, tar, lumber, silver, gold
-food shortages in Jamestown

Colonial Government

-individuals financed English and French exploration, Spanish and Portuguese funded by govt
-no viceroys or audiencias in north american colonies

Relations with Indigenous Peoples

-French and English didn't find large centralized states
-eastern North Americans spoke Algonquian, Iroqois, Lakota, practiced some agriculture; nomadism
-Europeans looked for land
-English negotiated treaties with natives
-settlers didn't recognize hunting as way of life

Conflict

-natives clashed with settlers
-treaties, natives mounted raids
-Edward Waterhouse; annihilation of native population
-conflict and diseases decreased native populations
-5 million in 1492, 600,000 in 1800

Colonial Society in the Americas

-mestizo populations in Americas
-Europeans mined, cultivated crops, trapped fur animals

The Formation of Multicultural Societies

-European territories became ethnically mixed bc of migration
-85% of Spanish migrants were men
-few women, relationships with native women forming mestizo "mixed" society

Mestizo Society

-Spanish went to Mexico
-Women in Peru
-Spanish lived in cities; married among selves, recreated European lifestyle
-Portuguese men had relationships with native women in Brazil and African slave women
-mulattoes: Portuguese and African
-zambos: indigenous Africans

Social Hierarchy

-peninsulares at top, followed by criollos (creoles) born in colonies of Iberian parents
-mestizos contributed to society
-mulattoes and zambos subordinate
-slaves and conquered ppl at bottom

Sexual Hierarchies

-patriarchal society
-punishment of slaves was equal; flogging
-informal power of women, usually in home
-ratio of men to women enhanced or limited roles
-experience of women affected roles
-women of European descent had advantages to colored women
-woc became used for labor; food preparation, laundering, weaving
-disadvantaged women; black, mulatta, zamba slaves

North American Societies

-women more abundant in English and French migrants
-French fur traders with native women-métis
-mingling between diff races was less common in English colonies; African slaves were inferior
-borrowed cultural elements; learned about American plants and animals-adapted moccasins, inherited marching in massed ranks, used drums and flying colors
-learned rice cultivation

Silver Mining

-silver outweighed gold in quantity and value
-silver mining in Zacatecas and Potosi
-native laborers went to mines to escape conquest and disease
-1600 large population of 150,000 in Potosi
-Spanish relied on voluntary labor and mita system-recruit workers for dangerous tasks that free laborers wouldn't accept
-required native villages to send one seventh of male population to work for four months in mines
-draft laborers received low wages
-harsh conditions, high death rates

Significance of Silver

-silver stimulated world economy; produced profits for private investors and revenues for royals
-quinto: 1/5th of silver production was reserved for Spanish govt
-helped finance army and bureaucracy
-traded silver for silk, spices, porcelain
-silver went to Philippines in Manila galleons

Hacienda

-Farming, stock raising, craft production were common
-mining supplied towns with food, wine, textiles, tools, furniture, craft items
-hacienda, estate, produced food for own use and to sell to local markets
-products were wheat, grapes, meat

Labor Systems

-labor source for hacienda was native ppl
-encomienda system; required subjects to provide tribute not labor
-resorted to system of debt peonage to recruit labor
-landowners advanced loans to natives to buy seeds, tools, supplies
-debtors repaid loans with labor, never able to pay off debt

Resistance to Spanish Rule

-rebellion, lazy work, retreat into mountains and forests
-natives in northern Mexico mounted uprising called Pueblo revolt led by shaman name Popé
-attacked missions, killed priests and colonists
-Rebellion in Peru in name of last Inca ruler Tupac Amaru
-Felipe Guaman Poma de Ayala, fired off letter to King Philip III asking for protection for natives against colonists; king never saw it, remained in Denmark
-he wrote about overtaxation, women turning to prostitution, priests seducing native wives

Engenho

-sugar mill
-represented complex of land, labor, buildings, animals, capital, technical skills related to sugar production
-required extensive procedure
-engenho relied on heavy labor and specialized skills
-most complex business
-Portuguese owners of sugar mills were privileged class-had social political economic power
-small profits

Search for Labor

-Portuguese tried to draft laborers; ppl of Brazil resisted efforts
-difficult to find laborers bc of smallpox

Slavery

-Portuguese imported African slaves in 1530s
-relied on slaves on large scale in 1580s
-poor conditions, mistreatment, tropical heat, malnutrition; high mortality rates
-# of deaths exceeded # of births in Brazil; large demand for slaves
-owners had no need to improve conditions

Fur Trade

-European mariners in North America for fish
-fur trade; connected North America by forts and trading posts
-exchanged fur for blankets, iron pots, firearms, alcohol

Effects of Fur Trade

-decline in beaver populations; had to push farther inland
-wars frequent
-Beaver Wars; Iroquois against Hurons
-competition; Iroquois who were allies of Dutch launched war against Hurons living in Great Lakes, allied with French
-Iroquois wanted to extend trapping to north

Settler Society

-colonists faced difficulties; crops like wheat didn't grow well in settlements

Tobacco and Cash Crops

-cultivated tobacco in Virginia and Carolina
-Taino smoked leaves of plant thru pipe called tobago
-natives used tobacco for rituals, medicine
-Maya blew smoke as offerings to gods
-popularity due to nicotine named after Jean Nicot; introduced tobacco to Paris in 1560
-health benefits: "herb panacea" "divine tobacco" "holy herb nicotine"
-English cultivated tobacco in Virginia in 1612
-high demand for plant

Indentured Labor

-indentured servants; unemployed, orphans, prisoners, criminals-sold lives in exchange for new life
-serve 4 to 7 years of labor and then free
-died of disease, overwork

Slavery in North America

-African slaves in Virginia in 1619
-1661-recognized all blacks as slaves
-slaves not common in north bc of climate and land
-New England traded slaves for West Indies
-distillation of rum

Spanish Missionaries

-Franciscan, Dominican, Jesuit campaigned Christianity
-Franciscan missionaries founded school in Tlatelolco
-Franciscan Bernardino de Sahagun perserved information about language, customs, beliefs, literature and history of Mexico

Survival of Native Religions

-resistance in Americas
-native ppl continued to observe faiths
-honored idols in caves and mountain sites
-natives blended traditions with Christianity
-saints had godlike features

Virgin of Guadalupe

-became nation symbol in Mexico
-Virgin Mary appeared before Juan Diego, became shrine
-gained reputation for miracle working
-symbolized Mexican faith and promise of salvation

French and English Missions

-didn't attract as many converts as Spanish bc they didn't rule over conquered populations
-English displayed little interest in converting ppl to Protestantism
-made little effort to seek converts
-French worked in St. Lawrence, Mississippi and Ohio River valleys

terra australis incognita

unknown southern land

Dutch Exploration

-Portuguese charted western and northern coast of Australia in 1520s
-Dutch VOC authorized voyages
-Jan Carstenzs reported he had not seen fruit bearing trees, no mountains or hills, no metals or woods
-scouted islands, declared that New Guinea and Tasmania were separate islands
-referred to as "New Holland"
-native ppl formed fishing societies, Europeans considered them savages

British Colonists

-Cook went to Botany Bay and settled in 1788
-Europeans in Australia were convicts who herded sheep

Spanish Voyages in Pacific

-1521 Ferdinand Maellan encountered Marianas, dominated by Guam
-little interest in Pacific islands; sailed from Acapulco to Manila on route to south of Hawaii

Guam

-traded with native Chamorro ppl
-Spanish brought Manila islands under control; dispatched military forces and subject natives to Roman Catholic Church
-opposed efforts, smallpox reduced numbers, crippled resistance
-50,000 to 5,000 bc of smallpox and campaigns

Visitors and Trade

-English and French explored Pacific in search of commercial opportunities and northwest passage from Europe to Asia
-visited Tahiti, traded with islanders
-engaged in sexual relations in exchange for nails, knives, iron tools, textiles

Captain Cook and Hawaii

-James Cook realized Hawaiians related to Tahitians, communicated with them
-traded pigs for ironwares
-spread of diseases
-whalers ventured into Pacific waters