MMW TERMS#2

Argument

valid if all its premises are true implies that the conclusion is true. Otherwise, invalid.

Fallacy

An error in reasoning that leads to an invalid argument.

Law of Detachment, Law of Contraposition, Law of Disjunctive Syllogism, Law of Hypothetical Syllogism

Common Forms of Valid Arguments

Fallacy of the converse, Fallacy of the inverse, Fallacy of the inclusive or

Common Forms of Invalid Arguments

Reasoning

the process of drawing conclusion or inferences through the use of proper justification.

Inductive Reasoning

the process of reasoning that arrives at a general conclusion based on the observation of specific examples.

Specimen

An object defined by a premise

Conjecture

The generalization

Counterexample

A specimen that negates the conjecture

Deductive reasoning

the process of reasoning that arrives at a conclusion based on previously accepted general statements.

Axioms

assume basic true statements

Theorems

derive true statements from the axioms

Valid

if its conclusion follows from its premises, regardless of the truth of the premises or conclusion. (deductive)

Sound

if it is valid and its premises are all true. deductive)

George Polya

Hungarian mathematician who devised a model for problem solving and published it in his book How to Solve It.

Heuristic

(or serving to discover), George Polya problem solving model