BIOL 314 LAB WK 11, 13, & 14

renal hilum

fibrous capsule

renal column

renal cortex

renal medulla

renal pyramid

renal papilla

renal pelvis

major calyx

minor calyx

arcuate artery

segmental artery

renal artery

interlobar artery

cortical radiate artery

afferent arteriole

efferent arteriole

glomerulus

peritubular capillaries

vasa recta

arcuate vein

renal vein

interlobar vein

cortical radiate vein

cortical nephron

peritubular capillaries

juxtamedullary nephron

vasa recta

renal corpuscle

glomerular capsule

or bowman's capsule

glomerular capsular space

bowman's capsular space

glomerulus

or glomerular capillaries

nephron loop

or loop of henle

ascending limb of the nephron loop

descending limb of the nephron loop

distal convoluted tubule

proximal convoluted tubule

collecting duct

ureter

urinary bladder

detrusor muscle

trigone

urothelium

or transitional epithelium

internal urethral sphincter

external urethral sphincter

pH range of normal urine

4.5-8.0

factors which influence color and transparency of urine

Diseases of the liver or obstructions of bile drainage from the liver impart a dark “tea” or “cola” hue to the urine. Dehydration produces darker, concentrated urine that may also possess the slight odor of ammonia.

factors which influence specific gravity of urine

Increased urine specific gravity may be due to conditions such as:

* Adrenal glands do not produce enough hormones (Addison disease)
* Heart failure
* High sodium level in the blood
* Loss of body fluids (dehydration)
* Narrowing of the kidney artery (renal artery stenosis)
* Shock
* Sugar (glucose) in the urine
* Syndrome of inappropriate ADH secretion (SIADH)

Decreased urine specific gravity may be due to:

* Damage to kidney tubule cells (renal tubular necrosis)
* Diabetes insipidus
* Drinking too much fluid
* Kidney failure
* Low sodium level in the blood
* Severe kidney infection (pyelonephritis)

cause of renal calculi

Kidney stones (also called renal calculi, nephrolithiasis or urolithiasis) are hard deposits made of minerals and salts that form inside your kidneys. Diet, excess body weight, some medical conditions, and certain supplements and medications are among the many causes of kidney stones.

cause of glycosuria

Conditions with problems using or making the hormone insulin. Conditions with the kidney where the tubules are damaged, or other kidney defects. Eating more sugars than the body can process at once.

cause of proteinuria (albuminuria)

Causes typically include intense exercise, stress, fever and prolonged exposure to cold temperatures.

cause of ketonuria

Fasting for long periods of time or the intermittent fasting diet can lead to ketonuria. During fasting, your liver starts to use up fat and protein reserves in your body to keep it going.

cause of hematuria

The causes of hematuria include vigorous exercise and sexual activity, among others. More serious causes of hematuria include kidney or bladder cancer; inflammation of the kidney, urethra, bladder, or prostate; and polycystic kidney disease, among other causes.

cause of hemoglobinuria

Hemoglobinuria may be a result of any of the following: Burns. Crushing injury. Hemolytic uremic syndrome (HUS), a disorder that occurs when an infection in the digestive system produces toxic substances.

cause of nitrituria

Bacteria in the urinary tract turn nitrates into nitrites, creating nitrite-positive urine. Nitrites in urine (nitrituria) only occur when you have a urinary tract infection (UTI).

cause of bilirubinuria

The most common cause of bilirubinuria is hepatocellular disease. More rare causes include inherited disorders, such as Dubin–Johnson syndrome and Rotor syndrome.

cause of pyuria

Pyuria is a condition in which you have pus in your pee. UTIs are the most common cause, but other causes include STIs, viral infections and chronic use of some medications. The most common symptom is cloudy, foul-smelling pee.

unorganized sediment

organized sediment

vagina

vaginal orifice

hymen

vaginal fornix

ovary

uterine tube

(general)

fimbriae

infundibulum

ampulla

isthmus

uterus

perimetrium

myometrium

endometrium

perimetrium

myometrium

endometrium

functional layer

basal layer

uterine gland

fundus

body of uterus

cervix

internal os

cervical canal

external os

labium majus

labium minus

prepuce

vestibule

clitoris

external urethral orifice

vaginal orifice

breast

(general)

axillary tail

areola

nipple

mammary gland

(general)

suspensory ligament

adipose tissue

lactiferous sinus