Bio 130: Exam 1 (Cells + Tissue Functions, Digestive System)

eukaryotic cells

have a nucleus and other membrane-bound organelles

prokaryotic cell

cell that does not have a nucleus or other membrane-bound organelles.

cells to organ systems list:

cell, tissue, organ, organ system

tissue

groups of specialized cells that are similar in structure and form

tissue cell junctions

points of contact between adjacent plasma membranes of cells within a tissue

tight junctions

leak proof seal (found in kidney), tight junction proteins

adhesion junctions

flexible anchor (found in skin cells), protein fillaments

gap junctions

direct transfer (found in cardiac muscles), protein channel

types of tissues

epithelial, connective, muscle, nervous

epthelial tissue

a sheet of cells that covers a body surface or lines a body cavity

squamous tissue (epithelial)

flat cells (somewhat resemble scales)

cubodial tissue (epithelial)

cube shaped

columnar tissue (epithelial)

column shaped

basement membrane

provides structural support

connective tissue

supports and connects body parts (fibers + cells embedded in a gel-like ground substance)

muscle tissue

A body tissue that contracts or shortens, making body parts move.

3 types of muscle tissue

skeletal, cardiac, smooth

skeletal tissue (muscle)

attach and move skeleton, long thin cells arranged in paralle, voluntary

cardiac tissue (muscle)

found only in heart, gap junctions between cells, involuntary

smooth tissue (muscle)

surrounds hollow organs + tubes, gap junctions between cells, involuntary

nervous tissue

rapid communication network for the body, located in brain + spinal cord, uses electrical signal calls called neurons

proton

positively charged particle in the nucleus of an atom

neutron

A small particle in the nucleus of the atom, with no electrical charge

electron

a negatively charged subatomic particle

covalent bond

a bond formed when atoms share one or more pairs of electrons (strongest bond)

polar covalent bond

a covalent bond in which electrons are not shared equally (eg: water)

nonpolar covalent bond

a covalent bond in which the electrons are shared equally by the two atoms (eg: oil)

ionic bonds

2 ions that are formed stick together (medium strength bond)

hydrogen bonds

bond formed in between atoms (weakest bond)

solute

a substance that is dissolved in a solution.

solvent

the substance in which the solute dissolves

hydrophilic

attracted to water/mixes well with water (polar covalent bonds, ionic bonds)

hydrophobic

doesn't mix well with water (non polar covalent bonds)

macromolecule

a large molecule made up of many smaller pieces

types of biological macromolecules

carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, nucleic acids

dehydration synthesis

taking individual subunits and bonding them together

hydrolosis

using water to break down a large molecule or polymer into smaller pieces

monomer

one single subunit

polymer

many subunits covalently bonded together

ph scale

measurement of the hydrogen ion concentration of a solution

carbohydrates

organic compound made up of the starches and sugars present in foods

carbohydrates functions

break down glucose into energy, structural support (plants)

monomers of carbohydrates

monosaccharides - 1 sugar

disaccharide

2 sugars (2 monosaccharides bonded together)

polysaccharide

many sugars (glycogen)

lipids

organic compounds, such as fats, oils, and waxes, that are made of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen.

lipids function

long term energy storage

types of lipids

triglycerides, phospholipids, steroids

triglycerides

an energy-rich compound made up of a single molecule of glycerol and three molecules of fatty acid.

fatty acids

saturated or unsaturated, fats + oils

phospholipids

a lipid consisting of a glycerol bound to two fatty acids and a phosphate group.

lipids in foods

canola, corn, soy, sunflower oil

protein

A three dimensional polymer made of monomers of amino acids.

polymer of protein

polypeptide

monomer of lipids

glycerol and fatty acids

monomer of protein

amino acid

monomer of carbohydrates

monosaccharides

organelle

specialized structure that performs important cellular functions within a eukaryotic cell

polymer of lipids

phospholipid and triglyceride

polymer of carbohydrates

polysaccharide

nucleus

information center of the cell

ribosomes

composed of rna and certain proteins, responsible for making specific protiens

vesicles

"shipping containers," small membrane bound sacs that transport materials around cell and to cell membrane

endoplasmic reticulum (er)

The transportation system of the cell. It moves materials around the cell

rough er

That portion of the endoplasmic reticulum studded with ribosomes.

smooth er

That portion of the endoplasmic reticulum that has no ribosomes.

mitochondria

powerhouse of the cell

golgi apparatus

a system of membranes that modifies and packages proteins for export by the cell (refining, packaging, + shipping center

plasma membrane

outer membrane of the cell

cytoskeleton

provides framework for plasma membrane

cilia + flagella

aids in movement of the cell

digestive system

body system the breaks down food and absorbs nutrients

digestive system (parts)

mouth, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, anus

accessory organs

salivary glands, liver, gallbladder, pancreas

gastrointestinal tract

The stomach and intestine as a functional unit.

mucosa

The innermost layer of the human digestive tract; in some parts of the digestive system, it contains mucus-secreting cells and glands that secrete digestive enzymes

submucosa

A layer of the human digestive system that contains nerves, blood vessels, and lymph vessles

muscularis

2-3 sublayers of smooth muscle, helps with motility and movement

serosa

outermost layer, attaches digestive system to body cavities

sphincter

circular ring of muscle that constricts a passage or closes a natural opening, separates layers of GI tract

functions of the digestive system

digestion, absorption, elimination, movement, secretion

lumen

space within a tubular part or organ, where food and liquid travel

peristalsis (1 type of motility)

involuntary waves of muscle contraction that keep food moving along in one direction through the digestive system, found in muscularis

segmentation (2nd type of motility)

mixes food

chyme

mixture of enzymes and partially-digested food, delivered to the small intestine

primary structure of protein

sequence of amino acids

secondary structure

hydrogen bonds between neighboring amino acids

tertiary structure

3D folding of polypeptide

quaternary structure

assembly of multiple polypeptides (found in only some proteins)

enzyme

a type of protein that speeds up a chemical reaction in a living thing

amalayse

enzyme in saliva that breaks the chemical bonds in carbohydrates

pepsin

an enzyme present in gastric juice that begins the hydrolysis/breaks down proteins

denaturation

process in which a protein unravels, losing its specific structure and function, can be caused by changes in pH or salt concentration or by high temperature

nucleic acids

DNA and RNA, stores genetic information and "instructions" for making proteins

absorption

breaking down of proteins, carbohydrates, and lipids into monomers inside, then moved to capillaries

liver function

produces bile, keeps ph of the stomach

galbladder function

stores and concentrates bile, delivers to small intestine

pancreas function

secretes digestive enzymes (amalayse - carbs, pepsin - protein)

salivary glands function

secretion of lubricating fluid containing enzymes that break down carbohydrates, produce saliva

large intestine function

absorbs most of remaining nutrients + water and stores the now nearly solid waste material until it can be eliminated