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motivation, p.390
a need or desire that energizes and directs behavior
instinct, p.391
a complex behavior that is rigidly patterned throughout a species and is unlearned
drive-reduction theory, p.391
the idea that a physiological need creates an aroused tension state (a drive) that motivates an organism to satisfy the need
homeostasis, p.391
A tendency to maintain a balanced or constant internal state; the regulation of any aspect of body chemistry, such as blood glucose, around a particular level
incentive, p.392
a positive or negative environmental stimulus that motivates behavior
Yerkes-Dodson Law, p.392
the principle that performance increases with arousal only up to a point, beyond which performance decreases
hierarchy of needs, p.393
Maslow's pyramid of human needs, beginning at the base with physiological needs that must first be satisfied before higher-level safety needs and then psychological needs become active
glucose, p.397
the form of sugar that circulates in the blood and provides the major source of energy for body tissues. When its level is low, we feel hunger.
set point, p.398
the point at which an individual's "weight thermostat" is supposedly set. When the body falls below this weight, an increase in hunger and a lowered metabolic rate may act to restore the lost weight.
basal metabolic rate, p.398
the body's resting rate of energy expenditure
sexual response cycle, p.406
the four stages of sexual responding described by Masters and Johnson - excitement, plateau, orgasm, and resolution
refractory period, p.407
a resting period after orgasm, during which a man cannot achieve another orgasm
sexual dysfunction, p.407
a problem that consistently impairs sexual arousal or functioning
estrogens, p.408
sex hormones, such as estradiol, secreted in greater amounts by females than by males and contributing to female sex characteristics. In nonhuman female mammals, estrogen levels peak during ovulation, promoting sexual receptivity
testosterone, p.408
Male sex hormone
emotion, p.421
a response of the whole organism, involving (1) physiological arousal, (2) expressive behaviors, and (3) conscious experience
James-Lange Theory, p.421
the theory that our experience of emotion is our awareness of our physiological responses to emotion-arousing stimuli (stimulus-->response-->emotion)
Cannon-Bard theory, p.422
the theory that an emotion-arousing stimulus simultaneously triggers (1) physiological responses and (2) the subjective experience of emotion (stimulus-->response & emotion)
two-factor theory, p.422
the Schachter-Singer theory that to experience emotion one must (1) be physically aroused and (2) cognitively label the arousal (stimulus-->response & label-->emotion)
polygraph, p.428
a machine, commonly used in attempts to detect lies, that measures several of the physiological responses accompanying emotion (such as perspiration and cardiovascular and breathing changes).
facial feedback effect, p.438
the tendency of facial muscle states to trigger corresponding feelings such as fear, anger, or happiness
health psychology, p.439
a subfield of psychology that provides psychology's contribution to behavioral medicine
stress, p.442
the process by which we perceive and respond to certain events, called stressors, that we appraise as threatening or challenging
general adaptation syndrome (GAS), p.444
Selye's concept of the body's adaptive response to stress in three phases—alarm, resistance, exhaustion.
tend and befriend response, p.445
under stress, people (especially women) often provide support to others (tend) and bond with and seek support from others (befriend)
psychophysiological illness, p.448
literally, "mind-body" illness; any stress-related physical illness, such as hypertension and some headaches
psychoneuroimmunology, p.448
the study of how psychological, neural, and endocrine processes together affect the immune system and resulting health
lymphocytes, p.448
A type of white blood cell that make antibodies to fight off infections
coronary heart disease, p.451
the clogging of the vessels that nourish the heart muscle; the leading cause of death in many developed countries
Type A, p.452
Friedman and Rosenman's term for competitive, hard-driving, impatient, verbally aggressive, and anger-prone people
Type B, p.452
Friedman and Rosenman's term for easygoing, relaxed people
Abraham Maslow, p.393
Humanistic psychologist known for his "Hierarchy of Needs" and the concept of "self-actualization"
William Masters, p.406
used direct observation and experimentation to study sexual response cycle (4 stages)
Virginia Johnson, p.406
documented the sexual response cycle in men and women in stages with William Masters
William James, p.421
founder of functionalism; studied how humans use perception to function in our environment
Stanley Schachter, p.422
Developed "Two-Factor" theory of emotion; experiments on spillover effect
Hans Selye, p.444
(Accidentaly) described General Adaptation Syndrome (GAS)