Motivation

motivation, p.390

a need or desire that energizes and directs behavior

instinct, p.391

a complex behavior that is rigidly patterned throughout a species and is unlearned

drive-reduction theory, p.391

the idea that a physiological need creates an aroused tension state (a drive) that motivates an organism to satisfy the need

homeostasis, p.391

A tendency to maintain a balanced or constant internal state; the regulation of any aspect of body chemistry, such as blood glucose, around a particular level

incentive, p.392

a positive or negative environmental stimulus that motivates behavior

Yerkes-Dodson Law, p.392

the principle that performance increases with arousal only up to a point, beyond which performance decreases

hierarchy of needs, p.393

Maslow's pyramid of human needs, beginning at the base with physiological needs that must first be satisfied before higher-level safety needs and then psychological needs become active

glucose, p.397

the form of sugar that circulates in the blood and provides the major source of energy for body tissues. When its level is low, we feel hunger.

set point, p.398

the point at which an individual's "weight thermostat" is supposedly set. When the body falls below this weight, an increase in hunger and a lowered metabolic rate may act to restore the lost weight.

basal metabolic rate, p.398

the body's resting rate of energy expenditure

sexual response cycle, p.406

the four stages of sexual responding described by Masters and Johnson - excitement, plateau, orgasm, and resolution

refractory period, p.407

a resting period after orgasm, during which a man cannot achieve another orgasm

sexual dysfunction, p.407

a problem that consistently impairs sexual arousal or functioning

estrogens, p.408

sex hormones, such as estradiol, secreted in greater amounts by females than by males and contributing to female sex characteristics. In nonhuman female mammals, estrogen levels peak during ovulation, promoting sexual receptivity

testosterone, p.408

Male sex hormone

emotion, p.421

a response of the whole organism, involving (1) physiological arousal, (2) expressive behaviors, and (3) conscious experience

James-Lange Theory, p.421

the theory that our experience of emotion is our awareness of our physiological responses to emotion-arousing stimuli (stimulus-->response-->emotion)

Cannon-Bard theory, p.422

the theory that an emotion-arousing stimulus simultaneously triggers (1) physiological responses and (2) the subjective experience of emotion (stimulus-->response & emotion)

two-factor theory, p.422

the Schachter-Singer theory that to experience emotion one must (1) be physically aroused and (2) cognitively label the arousal (stimulus-->response & label-->emotion)

polygraph, p.428

a machine, commonly used in attempts to detect lies, that measures several of the physiological responses accompanying emotion (such as perspiration and cardiovascular and breathing changes).

facial feedback effect, p.438

the tendency of facial muscle states to trigger corresponding feelings such as fear, anger, or happiness

health psychology, p.439

a subfield of psychology that provides psychology's contribution to behavioral medicine

stress, p.442

the process by which we perceive and respond to certain events, called stressors, that we appraise as threatening or challenging

general adaptation syndrome (GAS), p.444

Selye's concept of the body's adaptive response to stress in three phases—alarm, resistance, exhaustion.

tend and befriend response, p.445

under stress, people (especially women) often provide support to others (tend) and bond with and seek support from others (befriend)

psychophysiological illness, p.448

literally, "mind-body" illness; any stress-related physical illness, such as hypertension and some headaches

psychoneuroimmunology, p.448

the study of how psychological, neural, and endocrine processes together affect the immune system and resulting health

lymphocytes, p.448

A type of white blood cell that make antibodies to fight off infections

coronary heart disease, p.451

the clogging of the vessels that nourish the heart muscle; the leading cause of death in many developed countries

Type A, p.452

Friedman and Rosenman's term for competitive, hard-driving, impatient, verbally aggressive, and anger-prone people

Type B, p.452

Friedman and Rosenman's term for easygoing, relaxed people

Abraham Maslow, p.393

Humanistic psychologist known for his "Hierarchy of Needs" and the concept of "self-actualization"

William Masters, p.406

used direct observation and experimentation to study sexual response cycle (4 stages)

Virginia Johnson, p.406

documented the sexual response cycle in men and women in stages with William Masters

William James, p.421

founder of functionalism; studied how humans use perception to function in our environment

Stanley Schachter, p.422

Developed "Two-Factor" theory of emotion; experiments on spillover effect

Hans Selye, p.444

(Accidentaly) described General Adaptation Syndrome (GAS)