Cellular Respiration

What are the 4 main steps of cellular respiration?

1. Glycolysis

2. Pyruvate decarboxylation

3. Krebs cycle/C.A.C/Tricarboxylic cycle

4. Electron transport chain (ETC)

Where does glycolysis occur? Is it anaerobic or aerobic?

Cytosol; anaerobic

Where does pyruvate decarboxylation occur? Is it aerobic or anaerobic?

Mitochondrial matrix; aerobic

Where does the Krebs cycle occur? Is it aerobic or anaerobic?

Mitochondrial matrix, aerobic

Where does the ETC occur? Is it anaerobic or aerobic?

Inner mitochondrial membrane; aerobic

If a body part needs more energy, what organelle is present in higher quantities?

Mitochondria (ex. leg muscles vs the eye)

What is inherited by the mom?

The mitochondria and cytoplasm

What are the 4 layers of the mitochondria?

1. Outer membrane

2. Intermembrane space

3. Inner membrane

4. Mitochondrial matrix

What is found inside the inner membrane & what’s it used for?

Cristae - increase s.a

What is the difference btwn substrate lvl phosphorylation & oxidative phosphorylation?

1. Substrate lvl phosphorylation = ADP → ATP via phosphate group transfer

2. Oxidative phosphorylation = ADP → ATP via ETC

What is hexokinase’s function in glycolysis?

Turn 1 ATP → glucose 6-phosphate (prevents molec. from leaving cell)

What is phosphofructokinase’s (PFK) function in glycolysis?

ATP to convert fructose 6-phosphate → fructose 1,6-biphosphate (commits molec. to glycolysis; irreversible)

Glycolysis function

Make ATP & provide pyruvate for C.A.C

Pyruvate decarboxylation function

Make acetyl-CoA

C.A.C function

Make high-energy e- carriers → NADH & FADH₂

What does FADH₂ & NADH get oxidized to in ETC?

FADH₂ → FAD

NADH → NAD+

What enters the mitochondrial matrix & what gets pumped across the inner mitochondrial membrane/intermembrane space? (electrochemical gradient)

E-, protons (H⁺)

What is the final e- acceptor?

Oxygen

ETC function

Make 34 ATP

What are the final e- acceptors for anaerobic respiration?

1. SO₄^2-

2. NO₃^-

3. S

What is the anaerobic process of cellular respiration called?

Fermentation

What are the 2 types of anaerobic processes?

1. Alcohol

2. Lactic acid

Where does fermentation occur?

Cytoplasm

Alcohol fermentation is for what organism?

Yeast

What does alcohol fermentation produce?

Ethanol

Where does lactic acid fermentation typically occur in?

Human muscle cells, fungi, bacteria

What cycle is included in lactic acid fermentation?

Cori cycle

What does lactic acid fermentation produce?

Lactate

What are the 3 carbohydrate energy sources?

1. Glycogenesis

2. Glycogenolysis

3. Gluconeogenesis

What is glycogenesis?

Glucose → glycogen

What is glycogenolysis?

Glycogen breakdown

What is gluconeogenesis?

Glucose synthesis via non-carbs

What is the intermediate in glycolysis?

G6P

What is insulin’s function? Where does it occur?

Promote glycogen & glycolysis to store. Occurs in the pancreas when there is glucose abundance

What is glucagon’s function? Where does it occur?

Inhibit glycogenesis/glycolysis. Occurs in pancreas when glucose is low

Which gives more ATP, lipids or carbohydrates?

Lipids b/c carbs are used up faster

What is the main energy source of the brain?

Glucose

When does protein get used as an energy source?

When no carb/fats available

What is deamination?

Removal of amino group