ancient history u1

migration

movement of people from one place to another

revolution

transformative moments marked by change in political order achieved by force

domesticate

brining plants or animals under human control for a purpose; tame; making it fit for domestic use

invest

putting something to use in a way that would allow for advantages to be made

infrastructure

physical and institutional systems that support society

surplus

amount of something that is more than being used or needed

shortage

lack or deficit in resources

government

system or people in charge that rule over others

network

group or system of interconnected people or things

specialization

concentrating on and becoming an expert in a subject or skill; maximizes productivity in a society

hierarchy

system or organization in which people or groups are ranked one above the other according to status or authority

innovation

process of creating new ideas, products, or methods that bring significant change

8 characteristics of a civilization

cities, government, social classes, public works, arts and architecture, specialization, writing, religion

cities

larger and more complex than villages, supports other features of civilization

governments

coordinates public works projects, establishes laws and organizes defense

complex religions

belief in gods/godesses, rituals

job specialization

diff types of jobs that leads to workers specializing on one task

social classes

ranked groups based on job or status

arts and architecture

artwork that expresses a society’s talents, beliefs, and values

public works

large scale projects for the benefits of a city and its people

writing

structures righting system initially used by governments and merchants to record important information

israelites

monarchy; kings/nobles, priests, landowners/farmers/herders, merchants/artisans, slaves; military technology (horses and chariots), fortifications- increasing centralization of power, writing, involvement in olive oil and wine industry; monotheistic; agricultural productivity, craftsmanship, and religious practices

ancient greece

athens: democracy for men, sparta: diarchy; male citizens, noncitizen free men, women, slaves; architecture influenced modern buildings worldwide, realistic human sculptures, invented democracy, science and philosophy- important philosophers that shaped modern science and thinking, started olympic games; polytheistic; best at mathematics, philosophy, literature, and theatre

indus river valley

no king or queen, centralized authority, legal system; priests, warriors, merchants/craftspeople/farmers, laborers/servants; first known urban sanitation systems (drainage), urban planning- cities designed by grid; polytheistic, no clear religion; known for urban planning, standardized weight and measure, writing system, metallurgy

ancient china

dynastic emperorship- shang: absolute monarchy, zhou: fengjian (established rulers in different regions and expected to pay tribute and military support while governing their own territories); shi (scholars and officials), nong (farmers), gong (artisans), shang (merchants); standardized currency, crossbow, chopsticks; polytheistic; best at inventing and innovating

sumer

city-states which had lugals; lugals, priests, upper class, lower class, slaves; sexagesimal system, 24hr day, 360 degree circle, cuneiform, wheel, plow; polytheistic; best at cities, farming, writing, early technology

persia

decentralized monarchy; royals, priests, nobles, military, merchants, artisans, peasants, slaves; writing systems, algebra, postal system, qanat water system; monotheistic; roads and communication, qanat water system, cultural tolerance, military expansion

phoenicians

hereditary monarchy, diff monarchy for each city state; kings, priests/nobles, artisans/merchants/farmers, slaves; alphabet, purple dye, glassmaking; polytheistic; sea trade, sailing, alphabet

nubia

monarchy w/ districts that each had a headman; king, nobles, priests, artisans, traders, laborers; farming methods, trade networks, writing systems, ironworking, pyramids; polytheistic; known for being a large trading hub, vast deposits of gold, archery

nomadic vs settled lifestyle

nomadic- people moving from place to place in search of food by scavenging and hunting; settled- permanent villages, settled farming, reliant on domestication

what are the effects of domestication of animals and plants

people no longer had to migrate- grew reliant on food they grew, allowed permanent settlements. people developed new technology that changed ways of life. villages had surplus of food. villages had to become organized and formed government and structure

effects of surplus

didn’t have to focus on food, could focus on other skills; supported larger populations and fostered urbanization

barter vs currency economic systems

barter- direct exchange of goods and services, relies on mutual needs; currency- standardized medium to exchange

how did societal hierarchies affect civilizations?

formed over time due to growing wealth differences and job differences; leadership roles; determined access to resources, education, career paths, etc.