Kolbe West Civ 1

Final

Paleolithic Age vs Neolithic Age

The Paleolithic Age, (Old Stone Age) 2.5 million-8000 BC

Neolithic Age, (New Stone Age) 8000-3000 BC

Paleolithic stone tools: hand-axes, spear points, and projectile points.

Neolithic tools: axes, hammers, adzes, blades, and arrow heads

Paleolithic humans lived as nomads in small groups, and their survival depended on their environment and climate. Neolithic humans discovered agriculture and animal husbandry, which allowed them to settle down in one area.

During the Paleolithic Age, humans developed art, bone artifacts, and cave paintings. During the Neolithic Age, humans developed pottery and textiles

Incarnation

The Word became

Four Periods of Chirsts Life

The four main periods of Jesus Christ's life are Infancy, Hidden Life, Public Life/Ministry, Passion. The order of events within each period is not always clear, but the chronological order of these four periods is generally accepted. Ministry 30-33.

Jesus' ministry is often considered to have begun around AD 27–29 and ended around AD 30–36. His early ministry in Galilee began after he returned to Galilee from the Judaean Desert following his baptism.

Pax Romana

The Pax Romana, or "Roman Peace", was a period of relative peace and stability in the Roman Empire that lasted from 27 BCE to 180 CE. During this time, the empire expanded, the economy prospered, and the empire experienced a golden age of imperialism.

The Pax Romana began after the Battle of Actium in 31 BCE, when Augustus and Octavian defeated Mark Antony. Augustus is sometimes credited with starting the Pax Romana, and it is sometimes called Pax Augusta

• Peace: The empire was relatively free of civil conflict and attacks from outside the empire. 

• Expansion: The empire doubled in size, stretching from Great Britain to North Africa. 

• Prosperity: The economy prospered, and the empire came to include a quarter of the world's population. 

• Communication: New roads made communication easier, and the seas were cleared of pirates, which enabled the expansion of trade. 

• Government: A series of leaders known as the Five Good Emperors ruled in succession. 

• Taxes: Augustus ordered a census of the empire's resources and citizenry to impose taxes to maintain internal order and extract resources. 

Heresies - Gnosticism, Marcionism, Montanism (what they teach)

Gnosticism

Dualism: material world was evil and spiritual world was good. Christs;s humanity was an illusion, when Jesus came to earth he didn’t have a real body, he only seemed to posses one and only appeared to die. Salvation could be achieved through secret knowledge, or gnosis. Gnostics believed that the soul was a spark from a superior God, and that the world creator of the Old Testament was a demonic power.

Marcionism

Marcionists believed that the God of the Old Testament was a different god from the God of the New Testament. They believed that the Hebrew God was wrathful and lower than the all-forgiving God of the New Testament. Marcionists believed that Jesus was sent by God to save humankind from the material world.

Montanism

Montanists believed that the prophecies of the Montanists superseded the doctrines of the Apostles. They taught that Christians who fell from grace could not be redeemed, and they emphasized the avoidance of sin and church discipline. Montanists also believed that Jesus would return and the world would end, and they encouraged Christians to embrace persecution and martyrdom. They believed that they second coming of christ was imminent.

Edict of Milan

The Edict of Milan was a written agreement signed in February 313 CE by Roman emperors Constantine and Licinius that granted religious liberty to all people in the Roman Empire: 

• Religious freedom: The edict allowed all people to worship as they pleased.

• Legal rights for Christians: Christians were granted legal rights, including the right to organize churches.

• Confiscated property: The edict ordered the return of confiscated property to Christians.

The Edict of Milan was a radical move towards tolerance that came after the government had been actively persecuting Christians. The edict led to a period when Constantine favored the Christian Church and its members. 

Arian Heresy

Arianism is a Christian heresy that states Jesus Christ was created by God and is not divine. 

Arianism holds that Jesus was begotten by God the Father, but was not coeternal with him. Arians believed that Jesus was distinct from God the Father and subordinate to him. 

The Council of Nicaea in 325 condemned Arianism and declared that the Son was "of one substance with the father". The Church also formulated the Nicene Creed in response to the heresy

Monasticism

Monasticism is a religious practice where people dedicate their lives to spiritual work and renounce worldly pursuits.Monasticism is a way of life that involves a total commitment to religion. 

Monasteries are important for: 1) recording lineage, 2) education, 3) Interest in relics, 4) Sights for Travel, 5) Examples of piety - people look to monasteries as windows or beacons into heaven. The monks' prayers are really important to the nobility. 

Different German Tribes and where they settled (Visigoths, Ostrogoths Franks, and Vandals)

Visigoths:

Primarily settled in southwestern Gaul (modern France) and then moved on to the Iberian Peninsula (Spain), establishing a kingdom there after sacking Rome in 410 CE

Ostrogoths:

Settled in Italy, establishing a powerful kingdom there after the fall of the Western Roman Empire; 

Franks:

Primarily settled in the region of modern-day France and Belgium, gradually expanding their territory to form the Frankish Empire

Vandals:

After migrating through Europe, they established a kingdom in North Africa, centered around Carthage, known for their raiding and plundering activities;

Emperor Justinian and Empress Theodora

• Justinian's accomplishments in military affairs, the law, and the arts were among the greatest of the Byzantine empire. He reclaimed most of the territory of the Roman empire, codified the old Roman law, and built Hagia Sophia and other important churches and monuments in Constantinople.

• Justinian rules in Constantinople after Constantine. Under Justinian is rejuvenation of the empire. Great expansion. However, there is a period of instability within Constantinople where the nobles attempt to topple Justinian’s power. Many things are burned down. There is a need to rebuild the city after the riot, and Constantinople happens to be the richest city in the world - they are big on trade. 

• Justinian begins a massive building project to remake the city in “the image of a New Rome”. One thing that he builds is the Hagia Sophia (“Holy Wisdom”). The Hagia Sophia is a model for medieval churches; it stresses the role of architecture. Idea of illumination and light penetrating darkness. The Emperor is patron of the building - “Holy Wisdom” meant to reference back to the emperor as well. There is a political context of the building. 

• Justinian - individualism without freedom. Distant emperor. Individuals are isolated (Hellenistic world). Justinian pictured as a mediator between people and God.

Theodora, a 6th-century Byzantine empress married to Emperor Justinian I, is remembered for being one of the most powerful women in Byzantine history. She used her power and influence to promote religious and social policies that were important to her.

Founder of Islam - Muhammad

Born in Mecca around 570 CE, Muhammad was a member of the Quraysh tribe, one of the most powerful in the city. He was orphaned at age six and raised by his uncle, Abu Talib. Muhammad married a wealthy widow, Khadija, and they had six children. 

According to Islamic tradition, Muhammad began having visions and hearing voices around age 40. In 610, the archangel Gabriel visited Muhammad and told him he was the messenger of God. Muhammad began preaching publicly, calling for the destruction of idols and urging the rich to help the poor.

Koran - the Holy book of Islam

The Quran, also romanized Qur'an or Koran, is the central religious text of Islam, believed by Muslims to be a revelation directly from God

Qurʾān, the sacred scripture of Islam. According to conventional Islamic belief, the Qurʾān was revealed by the angel Gabriel to the Prophet Muhammad in the West Arabian towns Mecca and Medina beginning in 610 and ending with Muhammad's death in 632 AD

Jihad - religious war against non believers

Jihad is sometimes referred to as a "just war". However, it's not considered a "holy war" in the same way a crusade is. Islamic tradition has specific ethical conditions and rules of engagement for jihad, including protecting non-combatants.

Caliph

the chief Muslim civil and religious ruler, regarded as the successor of Muhammad. The caliph ruled in Baghdad until 1258 and then in Egypt until the Ottoman conquest of 1517; the title was then held by the Ottoman sultans until it was abolished in 1924 by Atatürk.

First four Caliphs, their successes and what lead to their collapse

Abu Bakr (632-634):

Considered the first Caliph, he played a crucial role in unifying the Muslim community after Muhammad's death by suppressing the "Ridda Wars" (apostasy rebellions) and launching early conquests into neighboring territories.

Umar (634-644):

Known for his administrative skills, Umar significantly expanded the Islamic empire through military campaigns, implementing a system of taxation and land distribution, and establishing a centralized bureaucracy. 

Uthman (644-656):

During his reign, the Quran was standardized and compiled into a single text, however, his close ties to a particular clan and accusations of nepotism sparked discontent leading to his assassination

Ali (656-661):

Muhammad's cousin and son-in-law, Ali was considered the rightful successor by Shia Muslims. His reign was marked by the First Fitna (civil war) as he faced opposition from other factions regarding the Caliphate, eventually leading to his assassination.

Sunni vs Shia

unnis believe that the Prophet did not name a successor, and that the caliphs should be chosen by consensus. The word "Sunni" comes from the Arabic word sunna, which means "way" or "example"

Shias believe that the Prophet named his cousin and son-in-law, Ali ibn Abi Talib, as his successor, and that Ali and his descendants are part of a divine order. The word "Shia" comes from the Arabic phrase shi'atu Ali, which means "partisans of Ali".

Iconoclasm

• Icons are seen as containing what they represent. Icons are means of communication between the person and the saint. Icons held in Monasteries. People go on pilgrimages to see these icons in monasteries. Icons become mediators instead of the emperors - tension occurs. Iconoclasm is the “breaking of icons.” This occurs when the Emperor destroys many, many icons. This is seen by the people as destroying the actual people who are in the icons. 

Reconquista

The Reconquista was a series of military and cultural campaigns by Christian kingdoms to reclaim the Iberian Peninsula from Muslim rule:

• The Reconquista took place in the Iberian Peninsula, which includes modern-day Spain and Portugal. 

• Christian soldiers, including warrior monks, fought in the Reconquista

• The Reconquista sought to liberate Al-Andalus, a territory that included a large part of what is now Spain and southern Portugal

• The Reconquista culminated in the reign of the Catholic Monarchs of Spain. The final Muslim territory in Spain, Granada, was captured in 1492

Battle of Tours

The Battle of Tours was a significant conflict in 732 C.E. between the Umayyad Caliphate and the Frankish army. The battle took place in western Gaul, between the cities of Tours and Poitiers. The Frankish victory at the Battle of Tours prevented the spread of the Umayyad Caliphate throughout Europe. 

The Frankish army was led by Charles Martel, while the Umayyad Caliphate was led by 'Abd al-Rahman. 

The battle is considered a turning point in the wars between Roman Catholic Europe and the Islamic world. It also confirmed Charles Martel's regional supremacy and established a strong Frankish dynasty. 

Rule of Charlemagne

•   Charlemagne is Pepin’s son. First emperor of Rome. crowned on christmas day 800 AD. Brings about the greatest reforms. Great warrior who goes on campagnes. Idea of mounted calvary is important (precursor to knight). No system of taxing. Gives out land grants in exchange for service (precursor to feudalism). 

• Counts have power and independence over small territories. Charlemagne includes them in his empire but relies on them to govern for him. The Catholic church is the glue of the empire. Maintains unity across very different peoples. Church has an ecclesial structure at this time. Christianity includes a duty of obedience to the emperor. 

• Since there was a lack of cohesion as the Roman Empire collapsed. Christianity became less unified, and priests are living wrongly and in ignorance. Charlemagne needs the priests to work politically for him. So he brings about educational reforms. Charlemagne establishes parish schools. Priests have to rationally understand their faith. Many factors bring about reform in the church.  

• Charlemagne is crowned by the pope leading to the idea that monarchy is a sacrament and that he has the ability to appoint bishops.

• The idea of the university system begins with charlemagne

• Trying to keep an empire unified that is spread out. Relies of the counts and the church. There is an entanglement of church and state. He give the priests education so that they can effectively preach the faith clearly.

• Establishes a precedent on nobles that rule

• Unified western europe role of nobility and depends on church for a sense of nobility. Reforms clergy. Interest in learning benefits the state.

• Thinking of themselves through the structure of the church. To make it more effective education is te way to go. Reformed the church through education

• Educational reforms. Charlemagne establishes parish schools. Priests have to rationally understand their faith. Many factors bring about reform in the church. Religious duty to follow your lord. The lords have a religious obligation to protect people. Church is rejuvenated and reformed for the better. The Church evangelizes the Germanic tribes. Evangelization of Europe

Partition of Aachen

Viking, Saracens, Magyars

Vikings

Seafaring people from Scandinavia who raided, traded, and settled in parts of Europe from the late 8th to the late 11th centuries. They also traveled to the Mediterranean, North Africa, the Middle East, Greenland, and Vinland. The Vikings were assimilated into European society

Saracens

A term used in Greek and Latin writings to refer to people who lived in and near what the Romans called Arabia Petraea and Arabia Deserta. The term's meaning changed over time, and in the Middle Ages it came to apply to all Arabs. The Saracens were eventually expelled from Europe.

Magyars

Also known as the Hungarians, the Magyars invaded Europe from the east in the 9th and 10th centuries. They took control of the Carpathian Basin, which is now the Kingdom of Hungary. The Magyars were defeated at the Battle of Lechfeld in 955, which led to the establishment of the Holy Roman Empire. The Magyars eventually converted to Christianity and became a bulwark between Christian Europe and the Ottoman Turks. 

What caused the rise of Feudalism, how it worked and the different ranks

The rise of Feudalism was primarily caused by the decline of the Western Roman Empire, leading to widespread insecurity and invasions from barbarian tribes, which forced landowners to seek protection from powerful warriors by granting them land (fiefs) in exchange for loyalty and military service, essentially creating a decentralized system of power based on personal relationships and obligations; this system became known as Feudalism

Lack of central authority:

After the fall of the Roman Empire, there was no strong central government to protect people, leading to the need for local lords to provide defense. 

Viking and other barbarian invasions:

Frequent attacks from groups like the Vikings forced people to rely on local strongmen for protection.

Land ownership as power:

Land became the primary source of wealth and power, with lords granting portions of their land (fiefs) to loyal vassals in exchange for military service. 

Military technology:

The rise of mounted cavalry made it crucial to have a dedicated fighting force, which further incentivized the lord-vassal relationship.

The Serfs are in bondage of a sort, not quite slaves, but they are legally bound to the land on which they work. The Serfs maintain the land for the lord in exchange for protection and community. 

The Knights become the ultimate fighting force. They are a political upper class. The political structure of this time is based largely on knights. Knights are hard to come across though because they need to be people with a lot of free time to train and a lot of wealth to buy armor.  

Lords: Nobles who held land and wealth. The king was at the top of the feudal hierarchy, and great lords swore an oath of vassalage to the king. Lords dedicate all of their resources to getting more knights because typically the one with the most knights wins the battles. You need to be wealthy to afford knights though. 

Vassals: People who were granted land, known as a fief, by a lord in exchange for their loyalty and service. Vassals would provide military service and a share of their taxes to the lord.

Knighthood

Knights were medieval gentleman-soldiers, usually high-born, raised by a sovereign to privileged military status after training as a page and squire. Originally knights were attendants or specialized foot-soldiers, but the status of knights was elevated around 800 A.D

The responsibilities of knights in the feudal system include providing security, pledging loyalty to their lord, serving in their lord's army, protecting the Church, protecting members of society who were weaker than them (including peasants, women and children), protecting their territory or plot of land,

Chivalry

•  A code of conduct during the age of knights that was an influence of the church introducing and pushing piety and virtues.

• Arose through an effort to reduce violence from warless knights. This was a code of conduct, instruction the knight how he ought to behave towards those weaker and less fortunate then him.

• It made the concept of piety ore attainable and directly applicable to the life of a knight. 

• Chivalry also added to the prestige of knighthood increasing bravery, loyalty, generosity and civility.