AP Bio cell structure and function

cell membrane

cell membrane

A protective barrier that controls what enters and exits the cell.

cytoplasm

A jelly-like substance within a cell that contains organelles and is involved in cellular processes.

ribosomes

A small structures that synthesize proteins by translating messenger RNA.

nucleus

A control center, containing genetic material (DNA) and regulating cell activities.

endoplasmic reticulum

Protein synthesis; it comes in two forms, rough (with ribosomes) and smooth (without ribosomes).

Golgi apparatus

Modifies, sorts, and packages proteins for secretion or use within the cell. Ships products in vesicles

lyosomes

An organelles that digests macromolecules, and cleans up broken down organelles. (Vesicles of digestive enzymes, ONLY FOUND IN ANIMAL CELLS)

cytoskeleton

A network of fibers that provides structural support, shape, and facilitates movement within the cell.

cell wall

Provides structural support and protection to plant cells, fungi, and some bacteria.

nucleus

Houses the cell's DNA and is responsible for controlling cellular activities.

Prokaryotic

lack a nucleus and membrane-bound organelles.

rough endoplasmic reticulum (rough ER)

The synthesis and processing of proteins, as it is studded with ribosomes.

lysosomal membrane

Protects the rest of the cell from the digestive enzymes contained within lysosomes.

peroxisomes

Organelles that contain enzymes for breaking down fatty acids and detoxifying harmful substances.

chlorophyll

Captures light energy for photosynthesis.

cells

Make protein, make energy, and make more cells

Nucleolus

Ribosome production

free ribosome

Free ribosomes float in the cytoplasm and synthesize proteins that function within the cytosol.

Bound ribosome

Ribosomes attached to the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) that synthesize proteins destined for export or for use in the cell membrane.

smooth endoplasmic reticulum (smooth ER)?

Lipid synthesis, metabolism of carbohydrates, detoxification of drugs and poisons, and storage of calcium ions.

Apoptosis

”Auto destruct” process, lysosomes break open and kill cells.

vacuoles

Large, membrane-bound organelles found in plant and fungal cells that store nutrients, waste products, and provide structural support.

vesicles

Smaller membrane-bound sacs that transport materials within the cell and between cells.

Food vacuoles

Phagocytosis, fuse with lysosomes

Contractile vacuoles

in freshwater protists, pump excess H2O out of cell

central vacuole

Storing nutrients and waste products, maintaining turgor pressure to support plant cell structure.

mitochondria

Cellular respiration, (from glucose to ATP)

chloroplasts

Photosynthesis, (from sunlight to ATP and carbohydrates)

plastids

Amyloplasts, chromoplasts, chloroplasts

Amyloplasts

Organelles that store starch in plant cells, converting glucose into starch for energy storage.

Chromoplasts

Organelles in plant cells responsible for the synthesis and storage of pigments, which give color to fruits, flowers, and some vegetables.