Winter term review

Cultural Studies

Jus ad Bellum

Criteria to enter war: Proper authority, just cause, probability of success, last resort

Jus in Bello

In war: Distinction, Proportionality, no malum in se(no evil)

Delian League

Athenian coalition; treasury in Delos, later moved to Athens. Created to help defend Greece from the Persians.

Peloponnesian League

Started by Spartans in order to compete against the Athenian dominated Peloponnesian.

Long Walls of Athens

Long walls that connected Athens to the port of Piraeus. They could never fall under siege

Cleon

Athenian general during Peloponnesian war, who significantly captured 120 Spartan soldiers.

Consequences of the Peloponnesian War

Athens has to tear down their walls; navy is restricted; replace Athenian democracy with Spartan-selected oligarchy; leave soldiers in Athens. Long term: no longer the defender of democracy

Brasidas

Spartan general notable for capturing Amphipolis

Plague in Athens

A plague occurring in 429; Pericles dies here.

Pericles

A notable Athenian leader between the Persian and Peloponnesian wars. Promoted the arts.

Amphipolis

Major Athenian trading port for timber captured by Brasidas

Thucydides

Author of the Melian Dialogue; a historian during the Peloponnesian war.

Peace of Nicias

A treaty signed by both the Athenians and Spartans; temporary

Death of Cleon and Brasidas

Both die at Amphipolis. Significant because now they can have negotiations and the Peace of Nicias.

Alcibiades

Athenian general; 1) he seeks alliance with argos 2) Launches campaign against Syracuse (gets sabotaged) 3) Defects to Sparta + helps them defeat Athens in Syracuse 4)Persia began funding Sparta-Alcibiades encourages Delian defectors 5) Went back to Athenians, won over the Spartans at Cyzicus 6) Lysander rebuilds his fleet and wins at Notion- Alcibiades is exiled for negligence

Campaign against Syracuse

An Athenian campaign to expand into Syracuse- ends in Alcibiades defecting and a devastating Athenian loss *Biggest Naval Attack*!

Battle of Cyzicus

A naval battle ending in a victory for the Athenians; Athenians refuse to sign a treaty with the Spartans\*

How does Alcibiades get sabotaged?

He is accused of chopping off genitals of Herms; because other Athenian generals did not like him

Melian Dialogue

Shows the ethical implications and moral consequences of Athenian expansionism-- those who act immorally will face consequences later( Athenian defeat at Notion). Athenians have become the oppressor. Switch roles with the persians

Significance of the Melian Dialogue

To show how the Athenians are no longer defenders of freedom; oppressors just like the Persian.

Lysander

A Spartan naval general notable for rebuilding the Spartan fleet, then winning at Notion, destroying Athenian fleet, and blockading Athens.

Battle of Notion

A win for Spartans(Lysander); this lead to Alcibiades exiled-- Athenian fleet was destroyed.

Crito

A text by Aristotle describing an interaction between Socrates and Crito reveals Socrates’s philosophical perspective on laws, their importance, and the implications of breaking them. He believes that one should do no wrong; laws are a commitment, and can never be broken, else this is morally wrong.

“Letter from a Birmingham Jail”

This text highlights the MLK’s position on laws; he breaks down his argument to include the basis of his every action, and explains the importance and ethical justification for civil disobedience. His key to his argument is the difference between just and unjust laws; it would be unethical to not do something about an unjust law.

Phillip II

Lived in Thebes as a youth; unified all of Greece under Macedonian rule as king; creates the Macedonian Phalanx.

Sacred War with Phocians

A victory of Phillip against the Phocians - it launched Phillips onto the international stage, and propels their war against the Athenians

Demosthenes

Athenian orator encourages Athenians and Thebans to ally against the Macedonians

How does Sparta defeat Athens?

Spartans blockade Athens from land, destroys ships. They could not trade, had to surrender.

Battle of Chaeronea

A war between Macedonia and Athens, where the Macedonians used their phalanx to conquer of Athens and ALL of Greece.

Alexander the Great

The Macedonian son of Phillip, who finally conquered the Persian empire, and had the idea of “one people”

Alexander’s legacy

He left cultural diffusion and Hellenistic legacy across Asia Minor.

Battle of Gaugamela

Alexander the great conquered the Persian empire.

Macedonian Phalanx

A fighting arrangement pioneered by Phillip, warriors fought with 13+ feet. Very effective combination dominating the European.

Battle of Issus

First encounter of Alexander the Great and Darius. Macedonians won!

Hyphasis River

Alexander’s army, too tired from venturing farther into Asia, mutinies against him, convincing him to turn back.

Susa Weddings

Mass weddings between Alexanders top officials and Persian/Asian women, to spread cultural diffusion and create “1 people”

Etruscans

The predecessors of the Romans in heritage and culture-- begins in 750 BC.

Fasces

Bundle of wooden rods, with an axe in the center, to represent power + jurisdiction

Legion

about 5000 roman soldiers; very mobile in battle, and able to defeat Macedonian Phalanx

Civitas sine suffragio

Given to conquered states: citizenship(taxes, protection etc.) without right to vote. They could gain this right if they moved to Rome

Senate

Roman governing and advisory assembly

Comitia Centuriata

Assembly for Patricians to pass ordinances; the consul is picked out from this group

Comitia Populi Tributa

A group of both Plebes and Patricians

Concilium Plebis

An assembly of Plebeians; they can elect a tribune; eventually, the Lex Hortensia during the Struggle of the Orders makes their ordinances binding

Cursus Honorum

The ladder of offices that senators can follow to achieve the highest rank: consul

Censor

Former consuls responsible for maintaining public morality

Consul

2 elected annually; highest possible office-→ makes governance decisions and military decisions

Praetor

Judicial officials who administered Roman law

Aediles

Facilities, games, and government business management in general

Quaestor

Financial and Administrative affairs of Rome

Tribune

Elected from Concilium plebis to manage plebeian affairs

Patrician

Rich, powerful, with clients, descendants from King Tullius’s original comitia curiata in Etruscan times

Plebeians

The working class, made up army, and assembled in the concilium plebis

Struggle of the Orders

200 year long period where the Plebeians gained various rights, because they were the clients, the army and the workers. Lex hortensia, made their ordinances binding on all.

Law of Twelve Tables

First written laws in order to promote fairness by the law; written on tablets of metal

Lex Canuleia

Permits marriage between Plebeians and Patricians

Licinian-Sexton Laws

States that there must be one plebeian consul

Lex hortensia

Concilium plebis’s ordinances are binding

Plebeian Secessions

When they would go on strike, to protest for more freedom; occurred during struggle of the orders

Tarentum

A city-state on the Italian peninsula asks Pyrrhus of Epirus for help, romans are encroaching on their territory

Pyrrhic Wars

Pyrrhus suffers heavy losses but still wins some battles. This is the Macedonian Phalanx vs. Roman legion- Romans win!

Significance of the Pyrrhic Wars

1) Rome conquers all of italian peninsula 2) Rome looks powerful; people want diplomacy ex. Ptolemies 3) first international roman conflict

\#1 Punic Wars

Rome vs. Carthage- carthage control sicily, Romans build strong navy with Corvus and win against them and make a peace treaty. Seize Sicily.

\#2 Punic Wars

Rome breaks peace treaty, and conquer Corsica + Sardinia. Hamilcar Barca and Hannibal go to Rome the long way around the peninsula

Corvus

A ladder that allows for land-like warfare on sea

Saguntum

Hannibal sieges Saguntum; this is the battle that Romans use as a pretext to declare war

Hannibal

Genius Carthaginian military general; when he gets to Rome he burns their country side causing problems

Who had an alliance with Hannibal?

King Phillip V of Macedon

Scipio

Roman general tasked with attacking Carthage; met with Hannibal, destroyed him in battle

Battle of Zama

Fought between Scipio, and Hannibal; Scipio had many, many more troops, crushing victory for the Romans.

Latifundia

Plantation built on destroyed former farms for rich Romans; ex-legionnaires who no longer owned land

Result of ex-legionnaires moving to Rome

Inflation because of high demand, and lower supply

Who left their kingdom to the Romans?

King Pergamum; money was used for Lex Agraria

Tiberius Gracchus

Elected as Tribune- known for his generosity to the poor, displaced, ex-legionnaires. Gave public land to the poor by using money from King Attalus of Pergamum’s will; killed by angry Patricians

Lex Agraria

A ordinance that would give public land to the poor to revitalize the working class. Used money from Attalus of Pergamum’s treasury-- went into effect, but Tiberius was killed. Bill was passed in Concilium Plebis, so patricians had no say

Gaius Gracchus

Tiberius’s brother; provided cheap grain, created southern colonies for the poor, urged all Italians to be granted full citizenship. Killed after he lost the Tribunate

Gaius Marius

Consul of Rome; enacted Marian Reforms; was a populares

Marian reforms

You don’t need land to fight; more benefits for soldiers; soldiers are not as loyal to country now, because they have less skin in the game

Sulla

Became consul; command of army given to Marius; Sulla marches into Rome, takes the eastern Army and marches on the Senate! When he leaves Rome, Marius takes his consulship. Sulla comes back, declares himself dictator→ abdicates throne one year later.

Sulla’s reforms

Increased power of the Optimates; decreased power of the Populares; limited governors to 1 year per province(to avoid becoming too power e.g Caesar) Doubled senate

Pomerium

Religious boundaries around Rome→ other land was Roman territory

First Triumvirate

Alliance between Caesar, Crassus, Pompey

Caesar

Governor of Gaul; becomes very powerful; once Crassus dies, their Alliance breaks: goes to war with Pompey and kills him(Cleopatra story) Appointed dictator legitimately. Assassinated by Brutus

Second Triumvirate

Marc Antony, Lepidus, Augustus

Augustus

Became emperor and made a triumvirate with Marc Antony and Lepidus; Princeps civitatis, Consul, tribune, priest.

Augustus impact

professionalized the army, built 250,000 miles of roads across Europe

Augustus Religious impact

Expands his cult; to unite; saw himself as god

Battle of Actium

A battle where Augustus won against Antony, end of the civil war and Roman Republic

Pax Romana

200 year period of Peace of Rome- golden age

princeps civitatis

first citizen; adopted by Augustus, more of a constitutional monarchy

Augustus of Prima Porta

Statue of Augustus that symbolizes: naval victory at Actium; gods on his side; bringer of Pax Romana; sun shines over Roman Empire; propaganda used to uplift his image

Praetorian Guard

A legion of body guards that protected the emperor and his family

Flavians

A familial dynasty; Vespasian devalues coin silver value, creates problems

Domitian

Revalues silver + Balances the economy

Age of Five good emperors

Nerva, Trajan, Hadrian, Pius, Aurelius: Familial dynasty through adopting the most fit suitor; under Trajan, Roman empire was the largest

Hadrian

Created Hadrian’s wall; unification of people

Varian Disaster

Lollian Disaster; Drusus, Tiberius is sent to Illyrian Revolt, Quinctillius Varus is in charge of Gaul. Prince Arminius, in secret, coordinates attack of Romans as they move between the winter/summer camps. Teutoburg Forest Battle→ Germans did a guerrilla attack, 30,000 dead romans→ marks the end of Roman expansionism past the Rhine river, no longer capture germany.

Barracks Emperor

Period of time where 30 emperors in 30 years; used the army to propel them back and forth; time of great instability

Diocletian

Creates stability in the empire; divides into Tetrarchy(east and west) Dominus, a more forceful way of being Emperor

Edict of Maximum Prices

Created by Diocletian, created economic tension, vendors were not able to keep up with demand; shut down. Gave rise to black markets.