BIOCHEMICAL FACTORS

Liver, bone, cartilage, muscle, and kidney

What is the source of IGF-1?

Anterior pituitary gland

What is Growth Hormone (GH) secreted by?

JAK/STAT

What is the receptor/mechanism type for GH and PRL?

GPCR

What is the receptor type for TSH, FSH, LH, and ACTH?

Thyroid peroxidase (TPO)

What is the enzyme that facilitates organification and coupling in the thyroid?

Proteases

What are the enzymes responsible for the proteolysis of thyroglobulin?

Deiodinase

What is the enzyme that converts T4 to T3 in peripheral tissues?

Insulin receptor tyrosine kinase

What is the receptor that insulin binds to?

GLUT4

What is the protein translocated to the cell membrane to facilitate glucose uptake?

AMPK

What is the enzyme/protein activated by Metformin to decrease gluconeogenesis?

PPAR-gamma

What is the nuclear receptor activated by Thiazolidinediones like Pioglitazone?

Alpha-glucosidase

What is the enzyme in the intestinal brush border that delays carbohydrate absorption?

DPP-4 (Dipeptidyl Peptidase-4)

What is the enzyme that degrades GLP-1?

SGLT2

What is the transport protein inhibited by gliflozins in the proximal tubule?

Farnesyl pyrophosphate synthase

What is the enzyme inhibited by Bisphosphonates to cause osteoclast apoptosis?

RANKL

What is the protein/ligand that Denosumab binds to?

Sclerostin

What is the protein inhibited by Romosozumab to promote bone growth?

Calcium-sensing receptor (CaSR)

What is the receptor targeted by Cinacalcet?

H+/K+-ATPase (Proton Pump)

What is the enzyme/pump irreversibly inhibited by Omeprazole?

H2 Receptor

What is the receptor reversibly inhibited by Famotidine?

Cyclooxygenase (COX)

What is the enzyme inhibited by NSAIDs in the GI tract?

EGFs (Epidermal Growth Factors)

What are the growth factors increased by Sucralfate to protect the mucosa?

Enkephalinase

What is the enzyme inhibited by Racecadotril?

DNA Gyrase and Topoisomerase IV

What are the enzymes inhibited by Ciprofloxacin?

HBV DNA Polymerase

What is the enzyme inhibited by Entecavir?

NS3/4A Protease

What is the enzyme inhibited by Sofosbuvir?

NS5B Polymerase

What is the enzyme/protein involved in viral replication targeted by Ledipasvir?

NF-kB

What is the protein/transcription factor inhibited by 5-ASA?

TNF-alpha

What is the pro-inflammatory cytokine blocked by Infliximab?

JAK (Janus Kinase)

What is the enzyme family inhibited by Tofacitinib?

Sphingosine-1-phosphate (S1P) receptor

What is the receptor modulated by Ozanimod?

Exocrine pancreas

What is the enzyme produced by to create Amylase, Lipase, and Protease?

Thiamine Pyrophosphate (TPP)

What is the active cofactor form of Vitamin B1?

Flavin Mononucleotide (FMN)

What is the active form of Vitamin B2?

NADP/NAD+

What are the cofactors derived from Vitamin B3?

Pyridoxal phosphate (PLP)

What is the active cofactor form of Vitamin B6?

Tetrahydrofolate (THF)

What is the active form of Vitamin B9?

Matrix Gla protein

What is the protein in vessels carboxylated by Vitamin K?

Sodium/Potassium ATPase pump

What is the enzyme/pump that establishes membrane resting potential?

SLC39A4

What gene is mutated in Acrodermatitis Enteropathica?

Albumin

What is the primary protein that decreases in malnourished states affecting drug binding?

HMG-CoA Reductase

What is the enzyme inhibited by Garlic?

5-alpha-reductase

What is the enzyme inhibited by Saw Palmetto and Finasteride?

Penicillin-Binding Proteins (PBPs)

What are the proteins inhibited by Beta-Lactams?

Urease

What is the enzyme produced by bacteria that causes struvite stones?

Guanylyl cyclase

What is the enzyme activated by Nitric Oxide to increase cGMP?

Phosphodiesterase-5 (PDE-5)

What is the enzyme that degrades cGMP in erectile tissue?

Adenylate cyclase

What is the enzyme stimulated by Alprostadil to increase cAMP?

Alpha-1 receptor

What is the receptor blocked by Tamsulosin in BPH?

CYP17

What is the enzyme required for androgen biosynthesis inhibited by Abiraterone?

Aromatase

What is the enzyme that converts testosterone/androstenedione to estrone in adipose tissue?

Plasminogen

What is the protein/precursor converted to plasmin that is blocked by Tranexamic Acid?

Iodide

What ion is trapped by the follicular cell via the NIS?

Sodium (Na+)

What ion is cotransported with Iodide via the NIS?

Chloride (Cl-)

What ion is transported via Pendrin?

Potassium (K+)

What ion is secreted by the ATP-sensitive channel in beta cells when blocked by Sulfonylureas?

Calcium (Ca2+)

What ion enters the beta cell to trigger insulin release?

Magnesium (Mg2+)

What ion acts as a cofactor for Vitamin D activation?

Zinc

What element/ion blocks K+ channels to decrease Cl- secretion in diarrhea?

Urease inhibitor

What is the enzyme classification/function of Acetohydroxamic Acid?

V2 receptor

What receptor is selective for water reabsorption in the kidney?

V1a receptor

What receptor is involved in vasoconstriction targeted by Conivaptan?

JAK-STAT pathway

What is the signaling mechanism for the Growth Hormone receptor?

IGF-1

What is the primary mediator of Growth Hormone in the liver?

Estrogen/Progesterone

What is the primary mediator of FSH in the female?

Testosterone

What is the primary mediator of LH in the male?

Cortisol

What is the primary mediator of ACTH in the adrenal cortex?

GnRH receptor

What is the receptor targeted by Leuprolide?

D2 receptor

What is the receptor targeted by Bromocriptine?

Gq receptor

What is the receptor type for Oxytocin?

TPO (Thyroid Peroxidase)

What is the enzyme inhibited by Methimazole?

IRS (Insulin Receptor Substrate)

What is the protein phosphorylated by the insulin receptor tyrosine kinase?

PI3K/AKT

What is the downstream signaling pathway activated by IRS?

SGLT2

What is the protein located on the luminal surface of the PCT for glucose transport?

RANKL

What is the protein that stimulates osteoclast development?

Sclerostin

What is the protein that normally stops bone growth?

CaSR

What is the receptor on the parathyroid gland that senses calcium?

H+/K+-ATPase

What is the enzyme that acts as the proton pump?

PGE1

What is the chemical analog for Misoprostol?

DNA Gyrase

What is the enzyme inhibited by Levofloxacin?

Peptidoglycan

What is the cell wall component whose synthesis is inhibited by Beta-Lactams?

HBV DNA polymerase

What is the enzyme targeted by Lamivudine?

NS3/4A protease

What is the enzyme inhibited by Glecaprevir?

5-ASA (Aminosalicylates)

What chemical inhibits COX and LOX pathways in the GI?

TNF-alpha

What protein/cytokine is targeted by Adalimumab?

JAK1, JAK3, and TYK2

What are the specific enzymes inhibited by Tofacitinib?

IL-12 and IL-23

What are the cytokines/proteins targeted by Ustekinumab?

P40

What is the specific subunit of IL-12/23 targeted by Ustekinumab?

P19

What is the specific subunit of IL-23 targeted by Risankizumab?

Amylase, Lipase, and Protease

What are the enzymes produced by the exocrine pancreas contained in Pancrelipase?

GLP-2

What is the growth factor/peptide analog for Teduglutide?

Thiamine

What is the chemical name for Vitamin B1?

Folate

What is the chemical name for Vitamin B9?

Matrix Gla protein

What is the protein in vessels carboxylated by Vitamin K?

Sodium (Na+)

What ion regulates ECF volume and plasma osmolarity?

SLC39A4

What gene is responsible for zinc absorption?

HMG-CoA reductase

What enzyme is inhibited by Garlic?

5-alpha-reductase

What enzyme converts testosterone to DHT?

DHT (Dihydrotestosterone)

What chemical/hormone binds to androgen receptors to lead to BPH?

Guanylyl cyclase

What enzyme produces cGMP?