BIO 107: Unit 4 - Ch 14.1 Brain

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What is dura mater of cranial meninges?

Which mater of the cranial meninges is:

• Inner fibrous layer (meningeal layer)

• Outer fibrous layer (endosteal layer)

• Fused to periosteum

• Outermost layer of spine

What is arachnoid mater of cranial meninges?

Which mater of the cranial meninges is:

• Covers brain

• Contacts epithelial layer of dura mater

• Middle layer of spine

What is subarachnoid space of cranial meninges?

Which space of the cranial meninges is:

• Between arachnoid mater and pia mater/CSF

What is pia mater of cranial meninges?

Which mater of the cranial meninges is:

• Attached to brain surface by astrocytes

• Innermost layer of spine

What are the functions of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)?

What are these functions of:

• Cushions delicate neural structures

• Supports brain (floats brain)

• Transports nutrients, chemical messengers, and waste products

What does the choroid plexus do for CSF?

What perform the followings for CSF:

• Specialized ependymal cells and capillaries

• Secrete CSF into ventricles

• Remove waste products from CSF

• Adjust composition of CSF

What is the lateral ventricle?

Which ventricle is:

• Each cerebral hemisphere contains 1 large lateral ventricle

• Look like moose

What is the third ventricle?

Which ventricle is:

• Ventricle of the diencephalon, distorted donut

• Lateral ventricle communicate with it via interventricular foramen

• Connects with fourth ventricle via (canal) - cerebral (mesencephalic) aqueduct

What is the fourth ventricle?

Which ventricle is:

• Extends into medulla oblongata

• Becomes continuous with central canal of the spinal cord

• Diamond-shaped

What is the blood-brain barrier (BBB)?

What is the barrier that:

• Isolates CNS neural tissue from general circulation via astrocytes that control permeability

What are the functions of the medulla oblongata?

What are these functions of:

• Allows brain and spinal cord to communicate

• Continuous with spinal cord

• Coordinates complex autonomic reflexes

  • heart rate, blood pressure, and digestion

What are reflex centers in medulla oblongata?

Which part of the medulla oblongata is:

• Autonomic nuclei (reticular formation) - controls visceral activities

  • cardiac center & vasomotor center - adjust HR, heart contractions, & blood flow

  • respiratory rhythmicity centers - regulates respiratory rates

What are relay stations in medulla oblongata?

Which part of the medulla oblongata is:

• Nucleus gracilis & nucleus cuneatus

  • pass somatic sensory information to thalamus

• Solitary nucleus

  • receives visceral sensory information

• Olivary nuclei (olives)

  • relay information about somatic motor commands

What does the pons links?

What links cerebellum with mesencephalon, diencephalon, cerebrum, and spinal cord?

What are the functions of the pons?

What are these functions of:

• Respiration - apneustic center and pneumotaxic center modify respiratory rhythmicity center activity

• Sensory and motor nuclei of cranial nerves V, VI, VII, VIII

• Nuclei and tracts - process and relay information to and from cerebellum

What are the structures of the midbrain (mesencephalon)?

What are these structures part of:

• Corpora quadrigemina

• Cerebral peduncles (white matter)

• Tegmentum

• Sits on top of brainstem

What is corpora quadrigemina of midbrain?

Which structure of the midbrain is:

• 2 pairs of sensory nuclei

  • superior colliculus (visual)

  • inferior colliculus (auditory)

What is cerebral peduncles (white matter) of midbrain?

Which structure of the midbrain is:

• Nerve fiber bundles on ventrolateral surfaces

• Contain descending fibers (motor) to cerebellum & ascending fibers (sensory) to thalamus

What is tegmentum of midbrain?

Which structure of the midbrain is:

• Red nucleus (many blood vessels) - subconscious muscle tone

• Substantia nigra (pigmented gray matter) - regulates basal nuclei, dopamine

What are the functions of the cerebellum?

What are these functions of:

• An autonomic processing center

• Adjusts postural muscles

• Fine-tunes conscious and subconscious

What is folia of cerebellum?

Which structure of the cerebellum is:

• Surface of cerebellum, highly folded neural cortex

What are the anterior and posterior lobes separated by?

What does the primary fissure of the cerebellum separate?

What are the cerebellar hemispheres?

What are left & right halves of the cerebellum separated at midline?

What are purkinje cells of cerebellum?

Which structure of the cerebellum is:

• Large, branched cells

• Found in cerebellar cortex (superficial layer)

• Receive input from up to 200,000 synapses

What is arbor vitae of cerebellum?

Which structure of the cerebellum is:

• Highly branched, internal white matter of cerebellum

• Tree-like pattern

What is cerebellar nuclei of arbor vitae?

Which part of the arbor vitae is:

• Embedded in arbor vitae, relay information to purkinje cells

• Center of tree pattern

What are the superior cerebellar peduncles?

Which cerebellar peduncles are:

• To midbrain & cerebrum

• Most superior

What are the middle cerebellar peduncles?

Which cerebellar peduncles are:

• To pons

• Middle, in between superior & inferior

What are the inferior cerebellar peduncles?

Which cerebellar peduncles are:

• To medulla oblongata & spinal cord

• Most inferior

What is the ataxia disorder?

Which disorder of the cerebellum is:

• Disturbance in muscle coordination

• Damage from trauma or stroke

• Intoxication (temporary disturbance)

What is diencephalon of brain?

Which part of the brain is:

• Integrates sensory information and motor commands

• Consist of epithalamus, thalamus, and hypothalamus

What is pineal gland of epithalamus?

Which part of the epithalamus:

• Secretes hormone melatonin

What is thalamus of diencephalon?

Which part of the diencephalon:

• Filters ascending sensory information for primary sensory cortex

• Relays information between basal nuclei and cerebral cortex

What is intermediate mass of thalamus?

Which part of the thalamus is:

• Projection of gray matter that extends into 3^rd ventricle from each side

What is anterior group of thalamic nuclei?

Which group of thalamic nuclei is:

• Part of limbic system (emotions)

• Located anterior

What is medial group of thalamic nuclei?

Which group of thalamic nuclei is:

• Provides awareness of emotional states

• Located medial

What is ventral group of thalamic nuclei?

Which group of thalamic nuclei is:

• Relays sensory information

• Located ventral

What is lateral group of thalamic nuclei?

Which group of thalamic nuclei is:

• Affects emotional states

• Integrates sensory info

• Located lateral

What is posterior group of thalamic nuclei?

Which group of thalamic nuclei is:

• Pulvinar nucleus (sensory)

• Lateral geniculate nucleus (visual)

• Medial geniculate nucleus (auditory)

• Located posterior

What are mamillary bodies of hypothalamus?

Which structure of the hypothalamus is:

• Process olfactory and other sensory information

• Control reflex eating movements

• Small rounded bodies

What is infundibulum of hypothalamus?

Which structure of the hypothalamus is:

• A narrow stalk connects hypothalamus to pituitary gland

What is pituitary gland of hypothalamus?

Which structure of the hypothalamus is:

• Major endocrine gland

• Connected to hypothalamus via infundibulum

• Interfaces nervous and endocrine systems

What are the functions of the hypothalamus?

What are these functions of:

• Provides subconscious control of skeletal muscle

• Controls autonomic function

• Coordinates activities of nervous and endocrine systems

• Secretes hormones

  • antidiuretic hormone (ADH)

  • oxytocin (OT)

• Produces emotions and behavioral drives

  • the feeding center (hunger)

  • the thirst center (thirst)

• Coordinates voluntary and autonomic functions

• Regulates body temperature

• Controls circadian rhythms (day-night cycles)

What is cerebrum of brain?

Which part of the brain is:

• Largest region, complex movements

• Conscious thoughts, intellectual functions

What are the 3 functional principles of the cerebrum?

What are these 3 functional principles of:

1. Each cerebral hemisphere receives sensory information from, and sends motor commands to, the opposite side of body

2. The 2 hemispheres have different functions although their structures are alike

3. Correspondence between a specific function and a specific region of cerebral cortex is not precise

What is longitudinal fissure of cerebrum?

Which structure of the cerebrum is:

• Separates cerebral hemispheres

What is gyri of cerebrum?

Which structure of the cerebrum is:

• Neural cortex

• Increase surface area (number of cortical neurons)

What is sulcus between and on surface of cerebrum?

Which structure of the cerebrum is:

• Groves on surface and in between gyri

What is corpus callosum of cerebrum?

Which structure of the cerebrum is:

• Connects left & right hemispheres

What are lobes of cerebrum?

What are divisions of hemispheres in the cerebrum?

What is insula of cerebrum?

What lies medial to lateral sulcus in the cerebrum?

What is central sulcus of cerebrum?

Which structure of the cerebrum is:

• Divides frontal lobe from parietal lobe

What is precentral gyrus of cerebrum?

Which structure of the cerebrum is:

• Gyrus just in front of central sulcus (frontal lobe)

What is postcentral gyrus of cerebrum?

Which structure of the cerebrum is:

• Gyrus just behind the central sulcus (parietal lobe)

What is lateral sulcus of cerebrum?

Which structure of the cerebrum is:

• Separates frontal lobe from temporal lobe

What is parieto-occipital sulcus of cerebrum?

Which structure of the cerebrum is:

• Separates parietal lobe from the occipital lobe

What is white matter of cerebrum?

Which matter is the inferior portion (inside) of the cerebrum?

What are association fibers of white matter?

Which fibers of the white matter are:

• Interconnect areas in a cerebral hemisphere

  • Arcuate fibers - are short fibers that connect 1 gyrus to another

  • Longitudinal fasciculi - are longer bundles that connect frontal lobe to other lobes in same hemisphere

What are commissural fibers of white matter?

Which fibers of the white matter are:

• Cross over fibers (left & right)

What is corpus callosum of white matter?

Which part of the white matter:

• Links left & right cerebral hemispheres, very active

What are projection fibers of white matter?

Which fibers of the white matter are:

• Link cerebral cortex with diencephalons, cerebellum, stem & cord

• Internal capsule - entire collection of projection fibers (ascending & descending)

What are the functions of the basal nuclei?

What are these functions of:

• Are masses of gray matter

• Are embedded in white matter of cerebrum

• Are involved with

  • the subconscious control of skeletal muscle tone

  • the coordination of learned movement patterns (walking, lifting, throwing)

What is caudate nucleus of basal nuclei?

Which structure of the basal nuclei is:

• Follows the curve of the lateral ventricle

What is amygdaloid body of basal nuclei?

Which structure of the basal nuclei is:

• Interfaces limbic system with cerebrum, links emotions with memories

What is lentiform nucleus of basal nuclei?

Which structure of the basal nuclei is:

• Putamen - lateral

• Globus pallidus - medial

What are the functions of the limbic system?

What are these functions of:

• Establishes emotional states

• Links conscious functions of cerebral cortex with autonomic functions of brain stem

• Facilitates memory storage and retrieval

What is cingulate gyrus of limbic system?

Which structure of the limbic system is:

• Sits superior to corpus callosum

What is hippocampus of limbic system?

Which structure of the limbic system is:

• Learning & long term memory, tracts inside dentate & parahippocampus gyri

What are dentate gyrus & parahippocampal gyrus of limbic system?

Which structure of the limbic system is:

• Form the posterior & inferior portions of the limbic lobe

What is fornix of limbic system?

Which structure of the limbic system is:

• Tract that connects hippocampus with hypothalamus

What is the primary sensory cortex?

Which primary cortex type is:

• The surface of postcentral gyrus

• Receives somatic sensory information

What is the primary motor cortex?

Which primary cortex type is:

• The surface of precentral gyrus

• Directs voluntary movements

What is visual cortex (occipital lobe) of special sensory?

Which special sensory cortex is:

• Information from sight receptors

What is auditory cortex (temporal lobe) of special sensory?

Which special sensory cortex is:

• Information from sound receptors

What is olfactory cortex (temporal lobe) of special sensory?

Which special sensory cortex is:

• Information from odor receptors

What is gustatory (insula & frontal lobe) of special sensory?

Which special sensory cortex is:

• Information from taste receptors

What are association areas of brain?

Which area of the brain is:

• Connect, monitor and interpret sensory & motor regions

• Interpret data → coordinate response

What is somatic sensory of sensory association areas?

Which part of the sensory association areas:

• Monitor primary sensory cortex

• Interprets input to primary sensory cortex (e.g., recognizes and responds to touch)

What is the somatic motor association area?

Which part of the association area is:

• Coordination of learned movements, (premotor), engages primary motor cortex

What are integrative centers of brain?

Which part of the brain:

• Are located in lobes and cortical areas of both cerebral hemispheres

• Receive information from association areas

• Direct complex motor or analytical activities

What is general interpretive area (Wernicke’s area) of integrative centers?

Which type of integrative centers is:

• Left brain

• Ability to understand what is seen & heard

What is speech center (Broca’s area) of integrative centers?

Which type of integrative centers is:

• Usually left brain

• Ability to speak

What is prefrontal cortex (frontal lobe) of integrative centers?

Which type of integrative centers is:

• Abstract thought/frustration, anxiety & stress

What are alpha waves?

Which category of brain wave is:

• Awake adults at rest with eyes closed

What are beta waves?

Which category of brain wave is:

• Adults concentrating

What are theta waves?

Which category of brain wave is:

• Children & frustrated adults

What are delta waves?

Which category of brain wave is:

• Deep sleep & pathologies

What are cranial reflexes?

Which type of reflexes are:

• Involve sensory and motor fibers of cranial nerves

• Clinically useful to check cranial nervous system