PARASITOLOGY LAB: L1 (P)

amoeba

Parasitology

The study of dependence of one living organism on another

Medical Parasitology

Parasites of medical importance that cause humans diseases

Protozoa

3 groups of parasites:

1. _____ - unicellular organisms (e.g. entamoeba

2. Helminths - multicellular worm (e.g. nematodes, trematodes, cestodes)

3. Arthropods - vectors or ectoparasites (mosquitoes, ticks, lice)

Helminths

3 groups of parasites:

1. Protozoa - unicellular organisms (e.g. entamoeba

2. _____ - multicellular worm (e.g. nematodes, trematodes, cestodes)

3. Arthropods - vectors or ectoparasites (mosquitoes, ticks, lice)

Arthropods

3 groups of parasites:

1. Protozoa - unicellular organisms (e.g. entamoeba

2. Helminths - multicellular worm (e.g. nematodes, trematodes, cestodes)

3. _____ - vectors or ectoparasites (mosquitoes, ticks, lice)

Unicellular organisms

3 groups of parasites:

1. Protozoa - _____ _____ (e.g. entamoeba

2. Helminths - multicellular worm (e.g. nematodes, trematodes, cestodes)

3. Arthropods - vectors or ectoparasites (mosquitoes, ticks, lice)

Multicellular worm

3 groups of parasites:

1. Protozoa - unicellular organisms (e.g. entamoeba

2. Helminths - _____ ______ (e.g. nematodes, trematodes, cestodes)

3. Arthropods - vectors or ectoparasites (mosquitoes, ticks, lice)

Vectors or ectoparasites

3 groups of parasites:

1. Protozoa - unicellular organisms (e.g. entamoeba

2. Helminths - multicellular worm (e.g. nematodes, trematodes, cestodes)

3. Arthropods - _____ _____ (mosquitoes, ticks, lice)

Purpose of Clinical Parasitology Laboratory

_____ __ _____ _____ _____

• Properly handle potentially infectious specimen

• Accurately observe, identify, and differentiate parasites

• Develop discipline, precision, and biosafety awareness

• Apply standard laboratory protocols used in hospitals and reference laboratories

Properly handle potentially infectious specimen

Purpose of Clinical Parasitology Laboratory

• ______

• Accurately observe, identify, and differentiate parasites

• Develop discipline, precision, and biosafety awareness

• Apply standard laboratory protocols used in hospitals and reference laboratories

Accurately observe, identify, and differentiate parasites

Purpose of Clinical Parasitology Laboratory

• Properly handle potentially infectious specimen

• _____

• Develop discipline, precision, and biosafety awareness

• Apply standard laboratory protocols used in hospitals and reference laboratories

Develop discipline, precision, and biosafety awareness

Purpose of Clinical Parasitology Laboratory

• Properly handle potentially infectious specimen

• Accurately observe, identify, and differentiate parasites

• ______

• Apply standard laboratory protocols used in hospitals and reference laboratories

Apply standard laboratory protocols used in hospitals and reference laboratories

Purpose of Clinical Parasitology Laboratory

• Properly handle potentially infectious specimen

• Accurately observe, identify, and differentiate parasites

• Develop discipline, precision, and biosafety awareness

• ______

Infectious

Every specimen must be treated as _____, and every step must follow standard precautions.

Standard

Every specimen must be treated as infectious, and every step must follow _____ precautions.

Host

The organism harboring the parasite

Parasite

Organism that lives in or host and derives nutrients at the host’s expense

Symbiosis

Close association between two organisms

Mutualism

• _____ - Both organism benefits; living together of two unlike organisms whose dependence on each other (e.g. butterfly & pollen)

• Commensalism - Two species live together; but one species benefits from relationship without harming or benefitting one another (e.g. carabao & bird)

• Parasitism - Where one lives at the expense of the other, harming it on the process (e.g. ticks, parasite, tapeworm)

Commensalism

• Mutualism - Both organism benefits; living together of two unlike organisms whose dependence on each other (e.g. butterfly & pollen)

• _____ - Two species live together; but one species benefits from relationship without harming or benefitting one another (e.g. carabao & bird)

• Parasitism - Where one lives at the expense of the other, harming it on the process (e.g. ticks, parasite, tapeworm)

Parasitism

• Mutualism - Both organism benefits; living together of two unlike organisms whose dependence on each other (e.g. butterfly & pollen)

• Commensalism - Two species live together; but one species benefits from relationship without harming or benefitting one another (e.g. carabao & bird)

• _____ - Where one lives at the expense of the other, harming it on the process (e.g. ticks, parasite, tapeworm)

Definitive Host

Types of Host

• _____ _____ - Harbors the adult or sexually reproducing parasite

• Intermediate Host - Harbors the larval or asexual stage

• Paratenic (transport) Host - Parasites survives but does not develop

• Reservoir Host - Maintains the parasite in nature, source of human infection

• Accidental Host - Not the usual host; parasite may not complete life cycle

Intermediate Host

Types of Host

• Definitive Host - Harbors the adult or sexually reproducing parasite

• _____ _____ - Harbors the larval or asexual stage

• Paratenic (transport) Host - Parasites survives but does not develop

• Reservoir Host - Maintains the parasite in nature, source of human infection

• Accidental Host - Not the usual host; parasite may not complete life cycle

Paratenic (transport) Host

Types of Host

• Definitive Host - Harbors the adult or sexually reproducing parasite

• Intermediate Host - Harbors the larval or asexual stage

• _____ _____ _____ - Parasites survives but does not develop

• Reservoir Host - Maintains the parasite in nature, source of human infection

• Accidental Host - Not the usual host; parasite may not complete life cycle

Reservoir Host

Types of Host

• Definitive Host - Harbors the adult or sexually reproducing parasite

• Intermediate Host - Harbors the larval or asexual stage

• Paratenic (transport) Host - Parasites survives but does not develop

• ______ ______ - Maintains the parasite in nature, source of human infection

• Accidental Host - Not the usual host; parasite may not complete life cycle

Accidental Host

Types of Host

• Definitive Host - Harbors the adult or sexually reproducing parasite

• Intermediate Host - Harbors the larval or asexual stage

• Paratenic (transport) Host - Parasites survives but does not develop

• Reservoir Host - Maintains the parasite in nature, source of human infection

• _____ _____ - Not the usual host; parasite may not complete life cycle

Endoparasite

Classification of Parasite

1. _____ - Lives inside of system of body host

2. Ectoparasite - Parasite living outside / skin body host

3. Erratic - Found in an organ which is not its usual habitat

4. Accidental - Establishes itself in an host where it does not ordinary live

5. Obligate - Must live on a host other parasite will die eventually

6. Facultative - Free living state or become parasitic

7. Parthenogenetic - Female parasite capable of reproducing eggs without being fertilized by male parasites and whose eggs contain larvae that immediately hatches (e.g. Strongyloides stercoralis)

Ectoparasite

Classification of Parasite

1. Endoparasite - Lives inside of system of body host

2. _____ - Parasite living outside / skin body host

3. Erratic - Found in an organ which is not its usual habitat

4. Accidental - Establishes itself in an host where it does not ordinary live

5. Obligate - Must live on a host other parasite will die eventually

6. Facultative - Free living state or become parasitic

7. Parthenogenetic - Female parasite capable of reproducing eggs without being fertilized by male parasites and whose eggs contain larvae that immediately hatches (e.g. Strongyloides stercoralis)

Erratic

Classification of Parasite

1. Endoparasite - Lives inside of system of body host

2. Ectoparasite - Parasite living outside / skin body host

3. _____ - Found in an organ which is not its usual habitat

4. Accidental - Establishes itself in an host where it does not ordinary live

5. Obligate - Must live on a host other parasite will die eventually

6. Facultative - Free living state or become parasitic

7. Parthenogenetic - Female parasite capable of reproducing eggs without being fertilized by male parasites and whose eggs contain larvae that immediately hatches (e.g. Strongyloides stercoralis)

Accidental

Classification of Parasite

1. Endoparasite - Lives inside of system of body host

2. Ectoparasite - Parasite living outside / skin body host

3. Erratic - Found in an organ which is not its usual habitat

4. _____ - Establishes itself in an host where it does not ordinary live

5. Obligate - Must live on a host other parasite will die eventually

6. Facultative - Free living state or become parasitic

7. Parthenogenetic - Female parasite capable of reproducing eggs without being fertilized by male parasites and whose eggs contain larvae that immediately hatches (e.g. Strongyloides stercoralis)

Obligate

Classification of Parasite

1. Endoparasite - Lives inside of system of body host

2. Ectoparasite - Parasite living outside / skin body host

3. Erratic - Found in an organ which is not its usual habitat

4. Accidental - Establishes itself in an host where it does not ordinary live

5. _____ - Must live on a host other parasite will die eventually

6. Facultative - Free living state or become parasitic

7. Parthenogenetic - Female parasite capable of reproducing eggs without being fertilized by male parasites and whose eggs contain larvae that immediately hatches (e.g. Strongyloides stercoralis)

Facultative

Classification of Parasite

1. Endoparasite - Lives inside of system of body host

2. Ectoparasite - Parasite living outside / skin body host

3. Erratic - Found in an organ which is not its usual habitat

4. Accidental - Establishes itself in an host where it does not ordinary live

5. Obligate - Must live on a host other parasite will die eventually

6. _____ - Free living state or become parasitic

7. Parthenogenetic - Female parasite capable of reproducing eggs without being fertilized by male parasites and whose eggs contain larvae that immediately hatches (e.g. Strongyloides stercoralis)

Parthenogenetic

Classification of Parasite

1. Endoparasite - Lives inside of system of body host

2. Ectoparasite - Parasite living outside / skin body host

3. Erratic - Found in an organ which is not its usual habitat

4. Accidental - Establishes itself in an host where it does not ordinary live

5. Obligate - Must live on a host other parasite will die eventually

6. Facultative - Free living state or become parasitic

7. _____ - Female parasite capable of reproducing eggs without being fertilized by male parasites and whose eggs contain larvae that immediately hatches (e.g. Strongyloides stercoralis)

Strongyloides stercoralis

Classification of Parasite

1. Endoparasite - Lives inside of system of body host

2. Ectoparasite - Parasite living outside / skin body host

3. Erratic - Found in an organ which is not its usual habitat

4. Accidental - Establishes itself in an host where it does not ordinary live

5. Obligate - Must live on a host other parasite will die eventually

6. Facultative - Free living state or become parasitic

7. Parthenogenetic - Female parasite capable of reproducing eggs without being fertilized by male parasites and whose eggs contain larvae that immediately hatches (e.g. _____ _____)

Permanent

Parasitic Duration

1. _____ - Remains to host on almost their entire life

2. Temporary - Lives in a human host for a short time

Temporary

Parasitic Duration

1. Permanent - Remains to host on almost their entire life

2. _____ - Lives in a human host for a short time

Spurious

Parasitic Pathologic Location

1. _____ - Parasites are eggs that pass through the human digestive tract without establishing infection (e.g. Ascaris shum)

2. Corrophilic - Usually protozoans, able to multiply in fecal matter outside the  human body

3. Hematozoic - Lives inside red blood cells

4. Cytozoic - Lives inside cells or tissues

5. Coelozoic - Living in body cavities

6. Enterozoic - Parasite residing in the intestines

Ascaris shum

Parasitic Pathologic Location

1. Spurious - Parasites are eggs that pass through the human digestive tract without establishing infection (e.g. _____ _____)

2. Corrophilic - Usually protozoans, able to multiply in fecal matter outside the  human body

3. Hematozoic - Lives inside red blood cells

4. Cytozoic - Lives inside cells or tissues

5. Coelozoic - Living in body cavities

6. Enterozoic - Parasite residing in the intestines

Corrophilic

Parasitic Pathologic Location

1. Spurious - Parasites are eggs that pass through the human digestive tract without establishing infection (e.g. Ascaris shum)

2. _____ - Usually protozoans, able to multiply in fecal matter outside the  human body

3. Hematozoic - Lives inside red blood cells

4. Cytozoic - Lives inside cells or tissues

5. Coelozoic - Living in body cavities

6. Enterozoic - Parasite residing in the intestines

Hematozoic

Parasitic Pathologic Location

1. Spurious - Parasites are eggs that pass through the human digestive tract without establishing infection (e.g. Ascaris shum)

2. Corrophilic - Usually protozoans, able to multiply in fecal matter outside the  human body

3. _____ - Lives inside red blood cells

4. Cytozoic - Lives inside cells or tissues

5. Coelozoic - Living in body cavities

6. Enterozoic - Parasite residing in the intestines

Cytozoic

Parasitic Pathologic Location

1. Spurious - Parasites are eggs that pass through the human digestive tract without establishing infection (e.g. Ascaris shum)

2. Corrophilic - Usually protozoans, able to multiply in fecal matter outside the  human body

3. Hematozoic - Lives inside red blood cells

4. _____ - Lives inside cells or tissues

5. Coelozoic - Living in body cavities

6. Enterozoic - Parasite residing in the intestines

Coelozoic

Parasitic Pathologic Location

1. Spurious - Parasites are eggs that pass through the human digestive tract without establishing infection (e.g. Ascaris shum)

2. Corrophilic - Usually protozoans, able to multiply in fecal matter outside the  human body

3. Hematozoic - Lives inside red blood cells

4. Cytozoic - Lives inside cells or tissues

5. _____ - Living in body cavities

6. Enterozoic - Parasite residing in the intestines

Enterozoic

Parasitic Pathologic Location

1. Spurious - Parasites are eggs that pass through the human digestive tract without establishing infection (e.g. Ascaris shum)

2. Corrophilic - Usually protozoans, able to multiply in fecal matter outside the  human body

3. Hematozoic - Lives inside red blood cells

4. Cytozoic - Lives inside cells or tissues

5. Coelozoic - Living in body cavities

6. _____ - Parasite residing in the intestines

Biologic

Types of Vectors

1. _____ - Transfers parasite after completion of development (Joyride)

2. Mechanical/Phoretic Vector - Transports parasites, no development of parasites seen

Mechanical/Phoretic Vector

Types of Vectors

1. Biologic - Transfers parasite after completion of development (Joyride)

2. _____ _____ - Transports parasites, no development of parasites seen

Carrier

Parasitic Exposure

1. _____ - Harbors pathogen and is asymptomatic

2. Exposure - Process of inoculating an infective agent

3. Infection - Establishment of infective agent on host, presence of endoparasite

4. Infestation - Presence of an ectoparasite

5. Pre-patent Period / Biologic Incubation - Period between infection and evidence of demonstration of infection

6. Autoreinfection - Individuals become infected by his/her own

7. Superinfection/Hyperinfection - Already infected individuals is further infected with the same species

Exposure

Parasitic Exposure

1. Carrier - Harbors pathogen and is asymptomatic

2. _____ - Process of inoculating an infective agent

3. Infection - Establishment of infective agent on host, presence of endoparasite

4. Infestation - Presence of an ectoparasite

5. Pre-patent Period / Biologic Incubation - Period between infection and evidence of demonstration of infection

6. Autoreinfection - Individuals become infected by his/her own

7. Superinfection/Hyperinfection - Already infected individuals is further infected with the same species

Infection

Parasitic Exposure

1. Carrier - Harbors pathogen and is asymptomatic

2. Exposure - Process of inoculating an infective agent

3. _____ - Establishment of infective agent on host, presence of endoparasite

4. Infestation - Presence of an ectoparasite

5. Pre-patent Period / Biologic Incubation - Period between infection and evidence of demonstration of infection

6. Autoreinfection - Individuals become infected by his/her own

7. Superinfection/Hyperinfection - Already infected individuals is further infected with the same species

Infestation

Parasitic Exposure

1. Carrier - Harbors pathogen and is asymptomatic

2. Exposure - Process of inoculating an infective agent

3. Infection - Establishment of infective agent on host, presence of endoparasite

4. _____ - Presence of an ectoparasite

5. Pre-patent Period / Biologic Incubation - Period between infection and evidence of demonstration of infection

6. Autoreinfection - Individuals become infected by his/her own

7. Superinfection/Hyperinfection - Already infected individuals is further infected with the same species

Pre-patent Period / Biologic Incubation

Parasitic Exposure

1. Carrier - Harbors pathogen and is asymptomatic

2. Exposure - Process of inoculating an infective agent

3. Infection - Establishment of infective agent on host, presence of endoparasite

4. Infestation - Presence of an ectoparasite

5. _____ _____ / _____ _____- Period between infection and evidence of demonstration of infection

6. Autoreinfection - Individuals become infected by his/her own

7. Superinfection/Hyperinfection - Already infected individuals is further infected with the same species

Autoreinfection

Parasitic Exposure

1. Carrier - Harbors pathogen and is asymptomatic

2. Exposure - Process of inoculating an infective agent

3. Infection - Establishment of infective agent on host, presence of endoparasite

4. Infestation - Presence of an ectoparasite

5. Pre-patent Period / Biologic Incubation - Period between infection and evidence of demonstration of infection

6. _____ - Individuals become infected by his/her own

7. Superinfection/Hyperinfection - Already infected individuals is further infected with the same species

Superinfection/Hyperinfection

Parasitic Exposure

1. Carrier - Harbors pathogen and is asymptomatic

2. Exposure - Process of inoculating an infective agent

3. Infection - Establishment of infective agent on host, presence of endoparasite

4. Infestation - Presence of an ectoparasite

5. Pre-patent Period / Biologic Incubation - Period between infection and evidence of demonstration of infection

6. Autoreinfection - Individuals become infected by his/her own

7. _____/_____- Already infected individuals is further infected with the same species

Ingestion

Transmission of Parasitic Infections

1. _____ - Contaminated food, water (Ascaris lumbricoides eggs, Giardia lamblia cysts)

2. Skin Penetration - Larvae penetrates skin (Schistosoma, hook worm)

3. Vector-borne - Via arthropods (Plasmodium via Anopheles mosquito, Trypanosoma cruzi via red wild bug)

4. Inhalation - Airborne cysts (Enterobius vermicularis eggs)

5. Direct person-to-person - Sexual contact direct to touch (Trichomonas vaginalis, pinworm)

6. Congenital transmission - Transplacental (Toxoplasma gondii)

Ascaris lumbricoides eggs, Giardia lamblia cysts

Transmission of Parasitic Infections

1. Ingestion - Contaminated food, water (_____ _____ ____, _____ _____ ______)

2. Skin Penetration - Larvae penetrates skin (Schistosoma, hook worm)

3. Vector-borne - Via arthropods (Plasmodium via Anopheles mosquito, Trypanosoma cruzi via red wild bug)

4. Inhalation - Airborne cysts (Enterobius vermicularis eggs)

5. Direct person-to-person - Sexual contact direct to touch (Trichomonas vaginalis, pinworm)

6. Congenital transmission - Transplacental (Toxoplasma gondii)

Skin Penetration

Transmission of Parasitic Infections

1. Ingestion - Contaminated food, water (Ascaris lumbricoides eggs, Giardia lamblia cysts)

2. _____ _____- Larvae penetrates skin (Schistosoma, hook worm)

3. Vector-borne - Via arthropods (Plasmodium via Anopheles mosquito, Trypanosoma cruzi via red wild bug)

4. Inhalation - Airborne cysts (Enterobius vermicularis eggs)

5. Direct person-to-person - Sexual contact direct to touch (Trichomonas vaginalis, pinworm)

6. Congenital transmission - Transplacental (Toxoplasma gondii)

Schistosoma, hook worm

Transmission of Parasitic Infections

1. Ingestion - Contaminated food, water (Ascaris lumbricoides eggs, Giardia lamblia cysts)

2. Skin Penetration - Larvae penetrates skin (_____, ____ ____)

3. Vector-borne - Via arthropods (Plasmodium via Anopheles mosquito, Trypanosoma cruzi via red wild bug)

4. Inhalation - Airborne cysts (Enterobius vermicularis eggs)

5. Direct person-to-person - Sexual contact direct to touch (Trichomonas vaginalis, pinworm)

6. Congenital transmission - Transplacental (Toxoplasma gondii)

Vector-borne

Transmission of Parasitic Infections

1. Ingestion - Contaminated food, water (Ascaris lumbricoides eggs, Giardia lamblia cysts)

2. Skin Penetration - Larvae penetrates skin (Schistosoma, hook worm)

3. _____-_____ - Via arthropods (Plasmodium via Anopheles mosquito, Trypanosoma cruzi via red wild bug)

4. Inhalation - Airborne cysts (Enterobius vermicularis eggs)

5. Direct person-to-person - Sexual contact direct to touch (Trichomonas vaginalis, pinworm)

6. Congenital transmission - Transplacental (Toxoplasma gondii)

Plasmodium via Anopheles mosquito, Trypanosoma cruzi via red wild bug

Transmission of Parasitic Infections

1. Ingestion - Contaminated food, water (Ascaris lumbricoides eggs, Giardia lamblia cysts)

2. Skin Penetration - Larvae penetrates skin (Schistosoma, hook worm)

3. Vector-borne - Via arthropods (_____ ___ ______)

4. Inhalation - Airborne cysts (Enterobius vermicularis eggs)

5. Direct person-to-person - Sexual contact direct to touch (Trichomonas vaginalis, pinworm)

6. Congenital transmission - Transplacental (Toxoplasma gondii)

Inhalation

Transmission of Parasitic Infections

1. Ingestion - Contaminated food, water (Ascaris lumbricoides eggs, Giardia lamblia cysts)

2. Skin Penetration - Larvae penetrates skin (Schistosoma, hook worm)

3. Vector-borne - Via arthropods (Plasmodium via Anopheles mosquito, Trypanosoma cruzi via red wild bug)

4. _____ - Airborne cysts (Enterobius vermicularis eggs)

5. Direct person-to-person - Sexual contact direct to touch (Trichomonas vaginalis, pinworm)

6. Congenital transmission - Transplacental (Toxoplasma gondii)

Enterobius vermicularis eggs

Transmission of Parasitic Infections

1. Ingestion - Contaminated food, water (Ascaris lumbricoides eggs, Giardia lamblia cysts)

2. Skin Penetration - Larvae penetrates skin (Schistosoma, hook worm)

3. Vector-borne - Via arthropods (Plasmodium via Anopheles mosquito, Trypanosoma cruzi via red wild bug)

4. Inhalation - Airborne cysts (_____ _____ ____)

5. Direct person-to-person - Sexual contact direct to touch (Trichomonas vaginalis, pinworm)

6. Congenital transmission - Transplacental (Toxoplasma gondii)

Direct person-to-person

Transmission of Parasitic Infections

1. Ingestion - Contaminated food, water (Ascaris lumbricoides eggs, Giardia lamblia cysts)

2. Skin Penetration - Larvae penetrates skin (Schistosoma, hook worm)

3. Vector-borne - Via arthropods (Plasmodium via Anopheles mosquito, Trypanosoma cruzi via red wild bug)

4. Inhalation - Airborne cysts (Enterobius vermicularis eggs)

5. _____ _____-___-_____ - Sexual contact direct to touch (Trichomonas vaginalis, pinworm)

6. Congenital transmission - Transplacental (Toxoplasma gondii)

Trichomonas vaginalis, pinworm

Transmission of Parasitic Infections

1. Ingestion - Contaminated food, water (Ascaris lumbricoides eggs, Giardia lamblia cysts)

2. Skin Penetration - Larvae penetrates skin (Schistosoma, hook worm)

3. Vector-borne - Via arthropods (Plasmodium via Anopheles mosquito, Trypanosoma cruzi via red wild bug)

4. Inhalation - Airborne cysts (Enterobius vermicularis eggs)

5. Direct person-to-person - Sexual contact direct to touch (_____ _____, _____)

6. Congenital transmission - Transplacental (Toxoplasma gondii)

Congenital transmission

Transmission of Parasitic Infections

1. Ingestion - Contaminated food, water (Ascaris lumbricoides eggs, Giardia lamblia cysts)

2. Skin Penetration - Larvae penetrates skin (Schistosoma, hook worm)

3. Vector-borne - Via arthropods (Plasmodium via Anopheles mosquito, Trypanosoma cruzi via red wild bug)

4. Inhalation - Airborne cysts (Enterobius vermicularis eggs)

5. Direct person-to-person - Sexual contact direct to touch (Trichomonas vaginalis, pinworm)

6. _____ _____ - Transplacental (Toxoplasma gondii)

Toxoplasma gondii

Transmission of Parasitic Infections

1. Ingestion - Contaminated food, water (Ascaris lumbricoides eggs, Giardia lamblia cysts)

2. Skin Penetration - Larvae penetrates skin (Schistosoma, hook worm)

3. Vector-borne - Via arthropods (Plasmodium via Anopheles mosquito, Trypanosoma cruzi via red wild bug)

4. Inhalation - Airborne cysts (Enterobius vermicularis eggs)

5. Direct person-to-person - Sexual contact direct to touch (Trichomonas vaginalis, pinworm)

6. Congenital transmission - Transplacental (_____ ____)

Stool

Specimen of choice

• _____

• Blood

• Serum and Plasma

• Others (Anal swab, Duodenal aspirate, Sputum, Urine, Urogenital specimen)

Blood

Specimen of choice

• Stool

• _____

• Serum and Plasma

• Others (Anal swab, Duodenal aspirate, Sputum, Urine, Urogenital specimen)

Serum and Plasma

Specimen of choice

• Stool

• Blood

• _____ ___ _____

• Others (Anal swab, Duodenal aspirate, Sputum, Urine, Urogenital specimen)

Anal swab

Specimen of choice

• Stool

• Blood

• Serum and Plasma

• Others (_____ _____, Duodenal aspirate, Sputum, Urine, Urogenital specimen)

Duodenal aspirate

Specimen of choice

• Stool

• Blood

• Serum and Plasma

• Others (Anal swab, _____ _____, Sputum, Urine, Urogenital specimen)

Sputum

Specimen of choice

• Stool

• Blood

• Serum and Plasma

• Others (Anal swab, Duodenal aspirate, _____, Urine, Urogenital specimen)

Urine

Specimen of choice

• Stool

• Blood

• Serum and Plasma

• Others (Anal swab, Duodenal aspirate, Sputum, _____, Urogenital specimen)

Urogenital specimen

Specimen of choice

• Stool

• Blood

• Serum and Plasma

• Others (Anal swab, Duodenal aspirate, Sputum, Urine, _____ _____)

Fecal-oral transmission

Common Hazards

• _____-____ _____

• Blood-borne infections

• Aerosolization

Blood-borne infections

Common Hazards

• Fecal-oral transmission

• _____-_____ _____

• Aerosolization

Aerosolization

Common Hazards

• Fecal-oral transmission

• Blood-borne infections

• _____

Microscopic Field

The circular image one sees at a certain magnification

Systematic Examination

Entire preparation is examined, leaving no parts missed out. To accomplish this, one should work systematically. Always start at a corner of the cover slip.

Epidemiology

Basic Terms

• _____

• Incidence

• Prevalence

• Intensity

Incidence

Basic Terms

• Epidemiology

• ______

• Prevalence

• Intensity

Prevalence

Basic Terms

• Epidemiology

• Incidence

• _____

• Intensity

Intensity

Basic Terms

• Epidemiology

• Incidence

• Prevalence

• _____

Taxonomic

_____ Rank

• Domain

• Kingdom

• Phylum

• Class

• Order

• Family

• Genus

• Species

Domain

Taxonomic Rank

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• Kingdom

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• Family

• Genus

• Species

Kingdom

Taxonomic Rank

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• Phylum

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• Order

• Family

• Genus

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Phylum

Taxonomic Rank

• Domain

• Kingdom

• _____

• Class

• Order

• Family

• Genus

• Species

Class

Taxonomic Rank

• Domain

• Kingdom

• Phylum

• _____

• Order

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• Genus

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Order

Taxonomic Rank

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Family

Taxonomic Rank

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Genus

Taxonomic Rank

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Species

Taxonomic Rank

• Domain

• Kingdom

• Phylum

• Class

• Order

• Family

• Genus

• _____

Phylum protozoa

4 Phyla of Medical Importance

• _____ _____ - single

• Phylum Nemahelminthes - roundworms

• Phylum Platyhelminthes - flatworms

• Phylum Arthropods - medically significant insects

Phylum Nemahelminthes

4 Phyla of Medical Importance

• Phylum protozoa - single

• _____ _____ - roundworms

• Phylum Platyhelminthes - flatworms

• Phylum Arthropods - medically significant insects

Phylum Platyhelminthes

4 Phyla of Medical Importance

• Phylum protozoa - single

• Phylum Nemahelminthes - roundworms

• _____ _____ - flatworms

• Phylum Arthropods - medically significant insects

Phylum Arthropods

4 Phyla of Medical Importance

• Phylum protozoa - single

• Phylum Nemahelminthes - roundworms

• Phylum Platyhelminthes - flatworms

• _____ _____ - medically significant insects