Algebra II Final

An adaptation in which there is an increase in cell number is referred to as:

hyperplasia

Programmed cell death is referred to as:

apoptosis

Which of the following neutralizes reactive oxygen species:

Antioxidants (vitamin E or C, Cysteine)

Metaplasia can lead to cancer:

True

Which is not true of caseous necrosis:

True: Dead cells disintegrate but are not digested by hydrolases, Can be due to TB pulmonary infection, Combo of coagulative and liquefactive necrosis, Soft and granular like clumped cheese

Nuclear pyknosis refers to:

Irreversible condensing and shrinkages of the cell's nucleus

An increase in the size of the heart secondary to hypertension is an example of:

Hypertrophy

Inflammation occurs with:

Necrosis

Dysplasia frequently occurs next to cancer cells but is not an indicator of cancer:

False

The pericardium surrounds which organ:

Heart

Cephalic refers to the:

Head

The popliteal area is located:

Behind the Knee

The pleural membrane is located in the:

Lungs

The process of the cell digesting or eating itself is referred to as:

Autophagy

Most, but not all, substances are toxic.,

False

An increase in superoxide dismutase would be expected to _______oxidative stress.

Reduce

Regeneration of the liver in a transplant patient is an example of:

Compensatory hyperplasia

Which of the following occurs as a result of lipases and the formation of soaps in the tissue:

Fat necrosis

Posterior is synonymous with which term:

Dorsal

Which transmitter is released at the somatic nervous system and the parasympathetic neuron:

Acetylcholine

Stimulation of nicotinic receptors in the ganglia would:

Leads to depolarizatiotn and excitement which sends signals to the autonomic nervous system which allows body functions to occur

Stimulation of the beta-1 receptor in the heart would:

Increase heart rate

Miosis would occur with the activation of:

The parasympathetic nervous system in the sphincter pupillae muscle of the iris

Bronchodilation occurs with the activation of which receptor:

Beta-2

Survival functions (fight or flight) are mediated by the:

Sympathetic nervous system

Stimulation of alpha receptors on blood vessels would produce:

Vasoconstriction (alpha-1)

A patient is complaining of axillary pain. This pain would be located in which area:

Armpit

Appendicitis would produce pain in which area:

Right iliac

Blood is frequently drawn from which area in the body:

Antecubital

In the Apothecary system, liquid measurements are based on the weight of one grain of wheat.

False

A patient with splenomegaly would have:

Enlarged spleen

WDWN refers to:

Well Developed, Well nourished

The suffix -emia refers to:

Blood condition

In the Apothecary system, Gt refers to:

Drop

White blood cells are:

Leukocytes

During necrosis, intracellular calcium levels _____.

Increase

Epinephrine is released from the adrenal gland by activation of the:

Sympathetic Nervous System

Alteration of p53 is associated with cancer.

True

What triggers neoplastic changes in cells.

Mutations leading to abnormal cell growth

Sarcoma begins in bone, cartilage, fat, muscle, blood vessels or other connective tissue.

True

A tumor suppressor gene:

Helps prevent tumorigenesis. If turned off, then we get tumos

Which statement is correct about hyperplasia:

Increased proliferation, cells appear normal - reversible

What is correct regarding UV rays-induced melanoma:

Formation of pyrimidine dimers, individuals with defects in DNA excision repair are vulnerable, formation of squamous, basal and melanocarcinoma of the skin

Which microorganism causes gastric and esophageal cancers:

H. Pylori

Which is incorrect about the Log-Kill hypothesis:

CORRECT: first order, constant fraction being killed, not a specific number CORRECT: Chemo will kill a specific fraction of cells rather than a specific number

What stage of the cell cycle does DNA replication in cancer cells occur:

S phase

The process of tumor cells forming blood vessel like tubes by themselves is called:

Angiogenesis

Tumor angiogenesis can be induced by:

Genetic changes, hypoxia, glucose deprivation, oxidative stress

Hypertension is the class effect of anti-VEGF agents used for anti-angiogenic cancer therapy.

True

Keytruda blocks PD-1 to induce immunotherapy of cancers. Here PD-1is:

Immune checkpoint receptor

Which of the following is not an obstructive lung disease.

OLD: Asthma, COPD, Cystic fibrosis, TB. NOT OLD: Pulmonary fibrosis, pulmonary hypertension, lung emergencies (COVID 19, pneumonia, ARDS, ARF, Aspiration)

Type of dyspnea that occurs when lying down and is relieved by sitting upright is:

Orthopnea

In cystic fibrosis, there is a failure of mucus to detach from ducts and slowed mucociliary transport.

True

Atopy is a major risk factor for:

Asthma

Which of the following can infect, survive, and proliferate within a macrophage.

Tuberculosis mycobacterium

Plexiform (pediform) lesions is a classic pathophysiology of which lung disease:

Pulmonary arterial hypertension

What is correct about latent tuberculosis:

Does not spread, does not show symptoms, positive skin test, can become active if left untreated

Pulmonary arterial hypertension is primarily due to a pathology associated with the:

Right ventricle of the heart and lung. Arteries in the lungs and right side of the heart

Raynaud's phenomenon is a sign/symptom of:

Pulmonary arterial hypertension

Which of the following is caused by the passage of solid particles into the lung:

Aspiration

Hyaline membrane is composed of:

Proteins and dead cells

Aspiration can lead to bacterial pneumonia:

True

Which SARS-CoV2 protein binds to host cell ACE-2 to gain cellular entry:

Spike (S) Protein

Which of the following have been prescribed for SARS-CoV2 treatment:

Paxlovid

The thyroid follicle is a functional unit of the thyroid gland and is responsible for thyroid hormone synthesis:

True

Hashimoto's disease is the most common cause of hyperthyroid disease.

False

Thyroiditis is caused by an attack on the thyroid, which includes antibodies, viruses, bacteria and certain drugs.

True

Which of the following is considered primary hypothyroidism:

Decreased productions of thyroid hormones by the thyroid gland causing an increase in TSH

Which is not the common condition or problem that leads to hypothyroidism:

Grave's . Common conditions: Hashimoto's, thyroiditis, medicine, radiation therapy, thyroid surgery

Which of the following protein is directly involved in the action of thyroid hormone:

Thyroid receptor hormone (PR)

An increase in plasma creatinine and BUN would suggest that renal function had ___:

Decreased

The most common cause of chronic kidney disease is:

Diabetes mellitus

The best assessment of renal function is:

GFR

Oliguria refers to:

Abnormally low urine output as a result of decreased GFR

Patients with chronic kidney disease are susceptible to:

Vomiting, diarrhea, fever, extracellular depletion

Alteration of renal blood flow would most likely produce which type of renal injury:

Pre-renal

Uremic frost refers to:

Symptom of CKD where sweat evaporates and leaves urea which leaves a fluffy residue

The majority of hypertensive patients are classified as:

Primary

Which of the following describes the heart at rest:

Diastole

Martha's blood pressure is 150/95. She would be classified as having:

Stage 2 hypertension

Erythropoitin is:

Produced by the kidney, feedback loop that stimulates RBC production in the bone marrow

Which of the following is an excess of red blood cells:

Erythrocytosis (Polycythemia)

Pulmonary edema and orthopnea are symptoms associated with:

Left sided heart failure

The initiating factor for the development of atherosclerotic plaques is:

Infiltration of LDL into subendothelial cells. Endothelial injury/dysfunction

Angina pectoris occurs due to blockade of which blood vessels:

Coronary arteries

Decreased HDL _______the risk of coronary artery disease.

increases

Release of histamine is a major factor in which type of shock.

Anaphylactic shocker

Ascites is more likely associated with:

Right sided heart failure

Backflow through a heart valve is referred to as:

regurgitation

Ralph is experiencing chest pain while playing pickle ball. He would most likely have:

Angina pectoris

A patient presents a prescription for a statin drug. This patient most likely has:

High LDL levels, hyperlipidemia. Atherosclerosis

A person with untreated hypertension for several years could experience which symptoms:

None. Headache, fatigue, dizziness, no more common than in people with normal BP. Could lead to stroke, heart attack, left ventricular hypertrophy, kidney damage, etc.

A patient with thrombocytopenia would be susceptible to:

Bleeding out (low platelet count), hemorrhage, bruising

Which of the following is known as the "silent killer':

Hypertension

During shock, blood flow to the kidneys:

Decreases

Which of the following is associated with the formation of blood clots that can lead to stroke and is often treated with an anticoagulant:

Atrial fibrillation

During the development of heart failure, the renin angiotensin system is activated and results in:

Sodium/water retention, vasoconstriction, increased aldosterone secretion, increased Na+ reabsorption, and increased K+ secretion

Tachycardia refers to:

Elevated heart rate

Hypertension-induced heart failure is due to:

Long term force of blood against artery wall. Left ventricular hypertrophy

Ron is experiencing hypovolemic shock and would exhibit all of the following except:

Things experienced: Hypertension, Cold, pale clammy skin, intense thirst, rapid respiration, restlessness, torpor, dec urine vol, and rapid pulse. Tachy to brady to tachy. Vasoconstriction in the kidney=decreased glomerular filtration