GEOG 1100 Midterm Review

Flashcards for GEOG 1100 Midterm Review

Physical Geography

Study of natural features (climate, landforms).

Human Geography

Study of people, culture, cities, economies.

Absolute Location

Exact spot using latitude/longitude.

Relative Location

Location in relation to other places.

First Law of Geography

“Everything is related, but closer things are more related.”

Absolute Distance

Measured in units (km, miles).

Relative Distance

Measured in time/cost.

Cognitive Distance

Perceived distance.

Absolute Space

Measured objectively.

Relative Space

Dependent on human interaction.

Cognitive Space

How people mentally picture space (mental maps).

Topological Space

Connection-based (e.g., subway map).

Region

Area defined by common characteristics (e.g., political, cultural).

Ordinary Landscape

Everyday settings.

Symbolic Landscape

Represents identity or history (e.g., Eiffel Tower).

Palimpsest

Layers of history visible in a landscape.

Place-making

How people give meaning to space.

Sense of Place

Emotional connection to a location.

Geographical Imagination

How we understand the world and our place in it.

Mercator Projection

Distorts size, good for navigation.

Peters Projection

Preserves area but distorts shape.

Robinson Projection

Compromise, balances shape/size.

Fuller (Dymaxion) Projection

Shows Earth without splitting continents.

Spatial Diffusion

How ideas, goods, diseases spread across space.

Core (World-System Theory)

Wealthy, powerful countries.

Periphery (World-System Theory)

Poor, dependent countries.

Semi-Periphery (World-System Theory)

Countries in between core and periphery.

Imperialism

One country controls another for resources/power.

Colonialism

Direct political and economic control over territory.

European Expansion

Colonization of Americas, Africa, Asia.

Ethnocentrism

Believing one’s culture is superior.

Social Darwinism

Misuse of evolution to justify inequality.

Environmental Determinism

Geography determines success.

White Man’s Burden

Colonialist belief in duty to “civilize” others.

Scramble for Africa

European colonization of Africa in late 1800s.

Economic Impact of Colonialism on Periphery

Dependency on exports.

Political Impact of Colonialism on Periphery

Unstable governments.

Cultural Impact of Colonialism on Periphery

Loss of languages/customs.

Neo-colonialism

Continued economic domination without formal control.

Contemporary Globalization

Increased global connections via trade, tech, culture.

Positive View on Globalization

Brings development, jobs, ideas.

Negative View on Globalization

Increases inequality, cultural loss.

Fast World

Access to tech/benefits of globalization.

Slow World

Lack of access to tech/benefits of globalization.

Digital Divide

Unequal access to the internet/tech.

North-South Divide

Global inequality between wealthy (North) and poorer (South).

Decolonization

Process of gaining independence from colonial powers.

Demography

Study of populations.

Crude Density

People per land area.

Nutritional Density

People per farmland area.

Natural Increase/Decrease

Births minus deaths.

Crude Birth Rate

Births per 1,000 people.

Crude Death Rate

Deaths per 1,000 people.

Total Fertility Rate (TFR)

Avg. babies per woman.

Replacement Rate

TFR needed to keep population stable (≈2.1).

Infant Mortality Rate

Babies who die before 1 year per 1,000 births.

Life Expectancy

Avg. years a person is expected to live.

Population Pyramid

Graph showing age and sex structure of population.

Dependency Ratio

Ratio of dependents (young + old) to working-age people.

Demographic Transition Theory

5 stages explaining how birth/death rates change with development.

Malthusian (Overpopulation)

Population grows faster than food → crisis.

Neo-Malthusian (Overpopulation)

Modern version, worried about sustainability.

Population Policy

Government efforts to control population growth.

Economic Development

Growth in wealth, quality of life, industrialization.

GDP

Total value of goods/services in country.

GNP

GDP + income from abroad.

GNI

GNP adjusted by population.

Informal Sector

Unregulated jobs (e.g., street vendors).

Positive Externalities

Benefits to others (e.g., education).

Negative Externalities

Harms to others (e.g., pollution).

HDI (Human Development Index)

Measures development (health, education, income).

GII (Gender Inequality Index)

Measures inequality between men and women.

Primary Sector

Raw materials (farming, mining).

Secondary Sector

Manufacturing.

Tertiary Sector

Services (teaching, sales).

Quaternary Sector

Knowledge (tech, research).

FDI (Foreign Direct Investment)

Money invested by one country in another.

TNCs (Transnational Corporations)

Businesses in multiple countries.

Trade Bloc

Group of countries with trade agreements.

International Finance

Global banks, investments.

Tech & Time-Space Convergence

Technology reduces travel/communication time.

Global Consumer Markets

Worldwide demand for products.

New Division of Labor

Jobs split across countries.

Global Assembly Line

Products made in parts around the world.

Commodity Chain

Steps from raw material to consumer product.

“Race to the Bottom”

Companies move to places with lowest costs/standards.

Fast Fashion

Cheap, trendy clothing → environmental/social harm.

Rana Plaza

Factory collapse in Bangladesh; unsafe conditions.

Pepe

Used clothing exports to Africa hurting local industry.

Ecological Narcotics

Addiction to overconsumption.

Fair Trade

Ensures ethical practices for producers.