APHG Unit 7 Vocabulary & Reading Guide: Industrial and Economic Development Patterns

A comprehensive set of vocabulary flashcards based on concepts from APHG Unit 7.

Industrial Revolution

A period of major industrialization that began in the late 18th century, characterized by the transition from hand production methods to machines.

industrialization

The process of transforming an economy from primarily agricultural to one based on the manufacturing of goods.

colonialism

A practice of domination involving the subjugation of one people to another, typically involving the establishment of settlements.

imperialism

A policy or ideology of extending a country’s influence through diplomacy or military force.

primary

The sector of the economy involved in the extraction of raw materials and natural resources.

secondary

The sector of the economy that transforms raw materials into manufactured goods.

tertiary/service

The sector of the economy that provides services rather than goods.

quaternary

The sector of the economy focused on knowledge-based services involving the collection, processing, and sharing of information.

quinary

The sector of the economy that involves high-level decision making and the directive function.

break-of-bulk point

A location where transfer is possible from one mode of transportation to another.

core

Areas of a country that dominate economically, politically, and culturally.

semi-periphery

Regions that are more developed than the periphery but are still dominated by core regions.

periphery

The least economically developed areas that are dependent on core regions.

formal economy

Economic activity that is regulated and taxed by the government.

informal economy

Economic activity that is not monitored or regulated by the government.

income distribution

How income is allocated across a population.

access to health care

The ability of individuals to obtain necessary health services.

fossil fuels

Natural fuels formed from the remains of ancient plants and animals, such as coal, oil, and natural gas.

Footloose industry

Industries where the cost of transporting raw materials and finished products is negligible.

Entrepot

A trading post where goods are imported, stored, and exported, often without being taxed.

Agglomeration

The clustering of businesses and industries in a particular area to benefit from shared resources.

renewable energy

Energy that is derived from natural processes that are replenished constantly, such as solar and wind.

literacy rate

The percentage of people who can read and write within a given population.

reproductive health

A state of complete physical, mental, and social well-being in all matters relating to the reproductive system.

labor-market participation

The proportion of a country's working-age population that engages in the labor market.

microloan

A small loan given to individuals or small businesses typically to promote entrepreneurship.

complementarity

A situation where two or more places, resources, or activities enhance each other’s value or productivity.

comparative advantage

The ability of an individual or group to carry out a particular economic activity more efficiently than another activity.

neoliberal economic policies

Policies that emphasize free-market capitalism, deregulation, and reduction in government spending.

free trade agreements

Treaties between two or more countries to reduce trade barriers and increase trade.

globalization

The process by which businesses develop international influence or operate on an international scale.

government initiative

A plan or action undertaken by the government to address particular issues.

tariff

A tax imposed on imported goods and services.

global financial crises

Periods of economic downturn that affect economies worldwide.

international lending agencies

Organizations that provide financial assistance to countries for development projects.

microlending

The practice of lending small amounts of money to impoverished individuals to help them start or grow their businesses.

outsourcing

The practice of obtaining goods or services from an external or foreign supplier.

economic restructuring

The process of reallocating resources, such as labor and capital, within an economy.

newly industrialized countries

Countries that have recently developed their industrial sectors.

special economic zones

Areas in which business and trade laws differ from the rest of the country.

free trade zones

Designated areas where goods can be landed, handled, manufactured, or reconfigured without the intervention of customs authorities.

export processing zones

Areas established for the purpose of promoting export-oriented industries.

international division of labor

The allocation of different tasks among different regions, countries, or people on a global scale.

post-Fordism

An economic and social system characterized by the flexible production of goods and services.

multiplier effect

The proportional amount of increase, or decrease, in final income that results from an injection, or withdrawal, of capital.

economies of scale

Cost advantages that enterprises obtain due to the scale of operation, with cost per unit of output generally decreasing with increasing scale.

agglomeration

The process where businesses and industries concentrate in one location to increase efficiency.

just-in-time delivery

A strategy to increase efficiency by receiving goods only as they are needed.

high-technology industry

Sectors that involve advanced technology and high levels of research and development.

growth pole

A region with a concentration of services and industries that stimulates regional development.

sustainable development

Development that meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs.

mass consumption

The large-scale purchase of goods and services by the average consumer.

climate change

Long-term alteration of temperature and typical weather patterns in a place.

ecotourism

A form of responsible travel to natural areas that conserves the environment.

Post industrial

An economic phase characterized by a shift from manufacturing to service industries.

Bulk gaining industry

An industry in which the final product weighs more or has a greater volume than the raw materials used to produce it.

Bulk reducing industry

An industry in which the final product weighs less or has a smaller volume than the raw materials used to make it.

High tech corridor

A region marked by a concentration of high-tech industries and companies.

Gender Inequality

The unequal treatment or perceptions of individuals based on their gender.

least cost theory

A model developed to explain the optimal location of industries based on transportation costs, labor, and agglomeration.

Modernization model

A theory asserting that economic development occurs in a series of stages.

Rostow’s Stages of Economic Growth

A framework depicting economic growth in five stages from traditional society to high mass consumption.

Wallerstein’s World System Theory

A theory that emphasizes the world economy as a complex system divided into core, semi-periphery, and periphery countries.

dependency theory

A theory suggesting that resources flow from periphery countries to core countries.

commodity dependence

Economic reliance on one or a few commodities for income.

gross domestic product (GDP)

The total monetary value of all finished goods and services produced within a country's borders in a specific time period.

gross national product (GNP)/ gross national income (GNI)

The total value of all goods and services produced in a country, including net income from abroad.

per capita

A term meaning per person, commonly used in reference to economic measures.

Gender Inequality Index

An index that measures gender inequality based on reproductive health, empowerment, and labor market participation.

Human Development Index

A composite index measuring average achievement in key dimensions of human development.

Sustainable Development Goals

A collection of 17 global goals set by the United Nations to achieve a better and more sustainable future.

European Union (EU)

A political and economic union of member states located primarily in Europe.

World Trade Organization (WTO)

An intergovernmental organization that regulates international trade.

Mercosur

A South American trade bloc aimed at promoting free trade and the fluid movement of goods, people, and currency.

Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC)

An intergovernmental organization of oil-exporting nations that coordinates and unifies petroleum policies.