AUBF Laboratory: Lesson 1 - Specimen Collection and Handling (First Half)

What is an widely employed diagnostic procedure due to its simplicity, non-invasive procedure requirements, and its capacity to yield critical information about an individual's health status? it is also referred as?

Urinalysis, urine examination

urine examination also entails what types of analysis of a urine specimen?

visual, chemical, microscopic analysis

this urine assessment compromises a variety of tests designed to do what to specific substances excreted in the urine from a single sample?

detect, measure

who routinely utilize urinalysis for screening, monitoring, diagnosis of various medical conditions?

healthcare practitioners

urinalysis testing includes but not limited to?

renal/hepatic disorders, diabetes mellitus, urinary tract infections (UTIs)

Although a urine sample can be used to evaluate various aspects of an individual's health, the specific tests included in a urinalysis are determined by the healthcare provider based on the patient's?

clinical presentation, condition

Typically, a healthcare professional or Medical Technologist assesses a urine specimen according to what 3 parameters?

color and clarity, chemical composition, microscopic elements

what parameter represents the physical characteristics of the urine?

color, clarity

what parameter where the urine goes through reagent-based analysis?

chemical composition

what parameter identifies cellular and crystalline components?

microscopic elements

in most urinalysis procedures, the initial evaluation involves what of the urine sample without the aid of instruments?

visual inspection

the healthcare provider assesses the sample's -whether it appears clear or cloudy-and observes its , which may range from pale to dark yellow or other hues.

clarity, color

normal urine typically presents in varying shades of yellow, from nearly colorless or light yellow to deep amber, depending on the?

concentration of solutes

a variety of factors can influence urine color, including the intake of specific , , and certain foods such as _.

medications, dietary supplements, beets

what urine may signal underlying health issues?

atypical urine coloration

for instance, a reddish hue may indicate the presence of , which could be a symptom of or injury within the?

blood, pathology, urinary tract

what is important to note about cloudy urine?

not always a sign of illness

what naturally occurring substances that may cause cloudiness?

skin cells, seminal fluid

the presence of certain elements- such as red blood cells, white blood cells, or bacteria-may suggest underlying medical conditions, including but not limited to:

dehydration, urinary tract infection, sexually transmitted infections, nephrolithiasis, diabetes mellitus

to evaluate the chemical properties of a urine sample, healthcare providers or Medical Technologists commonly utilize specialized test strips known as?

dipsticks

what do dipsticks contain that they undergo a color change when they react with specific chemical substances present in the urine?

reagent-impregnated pads

the intensity of the color change observed on the dipstick provides what kind of indication of the concentration of the substance detected?

semi-quantitative indication

for instance, a mild color change in the protein test pad may suggest what level of protein in the sample?, whereas a more pronounced color change may reflect a?

low level, higher concentration.

what the 8 common types of tests that use a dipstick that providers may include in a urinalysis?

Protein Urine Test, Urine pH Level Test, Ketone Urine Test, Glucose Urine Test, Bilirubin Urine Test, Nitrite Urine Test, Leukocyte Esterase Urine Test, Urine Specific Gravity Test

what test detects and measures the presence of proteins, including albumin, in the urine?

protein urine test

elevated protein levels beyond the normal range may be indicative of various health conditions, such as?

renal dysfunction, cardiovascular disorders, dehydration

what test assesses the acidity or alkalinity of a urine sample?

urine pH level test

an elevated urine pH level may be associated with conditions such as?

urinary tract infections, certain kidney disorders

on the other hand, a decreased urine pH may be indicative of medical a condition related to diabetes or episodes of diarrhea which is?

ketoacidosis

what accumulates in the body when fat and fatty acids are broken down to produce energy? this substance accumulate typically due to an insufficient supply of what sugars?

ketones, glucose or carbohydrates

healthcare professionals commonly utilize ketone urine tests to assess for?

diabetic ketoacidosis

what test evaluates the presence of glucose (sugar) in the urine?

glucose urine test

under normal conditions, glucose is not detected in urine; therefore, its presence may suggest underlying conditions such as?

diabetes mellitus, gestational diabetes

a yellow pigment substance found in bile, which is produced by the liver?

bilirubin

the detection of bilirubin in the urine may be indicative of?

liver dysfunction, bile duct obstruction

a positive result in the nitrite test may suggest the presence of?

urinary tract infection

however, since not all bacterial species have the ability to convert nitrate-naturally found in urine-into nitrite, a negative result does not definitively rule out the possibility of?

urinary tract infection

an enzyme commonly found in white blood cells, often response to infection or inflammation

leukocyte esterase

a positive result in leukocyte esterase may indicate what 2 things within the urinary tract or kidneys?

inflammation, infection

the presence of white blood cells in urine is most frequently associated with a?

bacterial urinary tract infection

what test measures the concentration of dissolved chemical substances in the urine?

urine specific gravity test

a deviations from the normal range of the urine specific gravity test, may be indicative of various?

underlying medical conditions

a Medical Technologist may analyze the urine sample under a microscope to detect microscopic elements, which may include 6 things?

Cellular components, Cell fragments, Urinary casts, Mucus. Bacteria or other microorganisms, Crystals

what 5 microscopic tests that providers may include in a urinalysis?

Red Blood Cell Urine Test, White Blood Cell Urine Test, Epithelial Cells, Bacteria, Yeasts Cells, Parasites, Urinary Casts

an increased presence of red blood cells in the urine suggests?

hematuria

what test does not determine the source of the bleeding?

red blood cells urine test

however, blood contamination from external sources, such as hemorrhoids or vaginal bleeding, cannot be _ from bleeding originating within the urinary tract?

differentiated

in some cases, elevated RBC levels may be associated with conditions affecting the?

bladder, kidneys, urinary system.

a higher-than-normal count of white blood cells or a positive leukocyte esterase result may indicate the presence of what within the urinary tract?

infection, inflammation

What cells form the protective lining of internal and external body surfaces, including the urinary tract?

epithelial cells

While a small number of epithelial cells in the urine is considered normal, elevated levels may suggest what 3 things within the urinary system?

inflammation, infection, malignancy

what can enter the urinary tract through the urethra, potentially causing a urinary tract infection (UTI)?

bacteria

In some cases, urine samples may be contaminated by what _ particularly in individuals with a vagina?

bacteria, yeast, parasites

vaginal yeast infections can introduce what cells into the sample?

yeast cells

a parasitic organism, may be present in those with trichomoniasis, a sexually transmitted infection (STI)?

Trichomonas vaginalis

tiny tube-like particles that can sometimes be in your urine?

urinary casts

urinary casts are formed from protein released by your?

kidney cells

while others are completely normal, certain types of casts may indicate?

kidney issues

healthcare professionals request urinalysis tests for various reasons, as a urine sample can reveal important information about your?

overall health

urinalysis is part of a routine checkup to detect early indicators of?

certain medical conditions

urinalysis, when you have symptoms that may suggest conditions like?

diabetes, kidney problems

urinalysis, To keep track of existing conditions you're being treated for, such as?

diabetes , kidney disease.

urinalysis, to help diagnose?

urinary tract infection

If you are hospitalized, what test can be done?

urinalysis

urinalysis can also be a part of?

pre-surgery evaluations

Like any lab test, this procedure requires the proper collection of a urine sample, what procedure is this?

urinalysis

to ensure accuracy, what must be followed?

specific guidelines for collecting the specimen

what is usually checked during a test that looks at how much of certain substances are passed in your urine over a day?

urine volume

the amount of urine you produce depends on how much substance your kidneys remove from your body, what is this substance?

water

Since water makes up a large part of the body, the amount of urine often depends on?

hydration, dehydration