Microbiology Part 1

when was hippocrates around

300 bce

when was thucydides around

300 bce

when was varro around

100 bce

RObert Hooke

First person to see cells

2 lens microscope

wrote the book micrographia

Antione Van leeuwenhoer

powerful microscope

saw prokarotes

1623-1723

coined the term “animicules”

Louie pasture

found out fermentation

bacteria vs yeast

PAsturization”heat to kill”

rabies vaccine

robert koch

germ theory of disease(microorganisms kill)

Displayed chain of infection

methodical in research

oppurtunistic pathogen

can make some individuals sick

taxonomy

allows us to grow organisms according to similarities

phylogeny

reflects how organisms are related evolutionary

Carolus Linnaeus

2 kingdom idea

plant and animal

Carl von Nageli

Added to the kingdoms, kingdom protisya and microorganisms(like bacteria

Earnst Haerel

worked with Carl vin nageli

robert whittaker

started the 5 kingdom system

fungi and prokaryote

carl woese

added archea to the tree on life

suprakingdom classifictaion

rRNA sequence

1970s

What are the three domains

eukarya

archsa

bacteria

what 2 domains are prokaryotes

bacteria

archea

what branches off of the eukarya

plants

animals

protists

What in binomial nomenclature is capitalized

the species

how do we know if it is a eukaryote

2 species that can produce fertile offspring

how do we know if it is prokaryote

can exchange genetic material with unrelated organisms

asexual

What defines the prokaryotes

cell wall made of peptidoglycan

reproduction through binary fission

no nucleus

photosynthetic and motile

what defines archea

no peptigolycan

reproduction through binary fission

extreme enviromenst

triangle shaped

What microorganisms make up the eukaryotes

Fungi

Protozoa

Algae

Virus

Helmiths

fungi

uni/multicellular organisms (yeast or mold)

cell wall made of chitin

non-photosynthetic

\

protoza

free or parasitic

motile

UNICELLULAR

Algae

photosynthetic

uni/multicellular

cell wall is cellulose

all types of water

what is the structure of a virus

protein coat with nucleic acid

what sets viruses apart

needs a host

no phospholipid bilayer

acellular

hemilths

infective form is larve

spontaneous generation

living organisms could generate from non living matter

Francesco Redi(what year)

1660s

maggots come from flies

(how does this disprove spontaneous generation??)

Lazzaro Spallanzani (what year)

1760s

boiling sterilizes

a sealed flask doesn’t grow anything

argued against a life force

How did Louie Pasture disprove a life force

the swan neck flask

the air filter trapped oraganisms

“life only comes from life”

Mattias Schleiden

Cells were a results of unifrom crytallization

1838

Theodore Schwann

Cells were a result of uniform crytallization (but worked with animal cells)

1839

worked with schleiden

Robert virchow

worked with Robert Remak

all cells arise from cells

robert Remak

worked with robert virchow

all cells arise from cells

endosymbiotic theory

cholorplasta and mitochondrias orginiated from ancerol photosyntheic obacteria

Mereschowski

endosymbiotic theory

cholorplasts divide indepentantly

Lynn Margulis

chloroplast and mitochondria are of prokaryotic orgin

Ignaz Semmelweis

worked as hospital obgyn

realized transmission of pathogens

recommended chlorine and hand washing

1800s

John Snow

Traced cholera epidemic in 1848

1st documented map of epidemiological study

who came up with the idea that microorganisms spoil food?

Louie Pastuer

Joseph Lister

Listerine!!

used carbolic acid to clean intruments and wounds

Round shaped prokaryotic cell

cocci

Rod shaped prokaryotic cell

baccillus

round Rod shaped prokaryotic cell

cocco bacillus

group of 2 cocci

diplococci

group of 4 prokaryotes

tetrads

string of cocci or bacillus

streptococcus

group of cocci or bacillus

staphylococcus

Genetic Properties of Prokaryote

genetic material is concentrated into a nucleiod

Plasmid?

circular extrachromosomal element

fx. carries antibiotic resistent genes

fx ribosomes

proteins synthesis

Storage granules

NOT AN ORGANELLE

will store anything that the prokaryote might run out of

types of storage granules

voluten

magnetosomes

gas vacuoles

fx voluten

store up excess phosphate

fx magnetosomes

store minerals to ensure

what is a another name for storage granules

inclusions

sporulation

fx. stay viable for 100s of year

only on grahm positive

protects itself using protetcive layer to preserve dna

\

plasma membrane

fx. selectively layer that separates inside from outside

parts, phospholipid bilayer, fluid mosaic model

components of plasma membrane

phospholipid bilayer

protiens

hopanes(which is cholesterol in eukaryotes)

plasma membrane properties in bacteria

phospholipids

contains hopanoids

protiens

FA tails linked with ester

bilipid layer

plasma membrane properties in eukaryotes

phospholipids

protiens

sterols

FA tails linked with ester

bilipid layer

plasma membrane properties in archea

ETHER LINKED MONOLAYER

phospholipids

proteins

what disrupts the plasma membrane

ethanol

ammonium compounds

detergents

what kind of cell wall is in bacteria

peptigolycan

what does the wording mean for peptido -- glycan

(proteins) -- (sugars)

fx peptidoglycan

counter osmotic pressure

structure peptigoglycan

N-acetyglucosamine(NAG)

N-acetlymuramic acid (NAM)

NAG and NAM link by amino acids

Amino acids and Grahm staining

Postitve has more amino acid connection

Negagtive has less amino acid connecting

Graham Positive Cell wall

* lots of peptigolycan
* the techoic acids has a negative charge And teh postive ink… you know

what is the charge of techoic acids

negative

types of techoic acids

lipotechoic acids

wall techoic acids

properties of graham negative cell walls

less layers of peptidoglycan

periplasmic space in between

contains porins

Made of lipoproteins and lipopolysaccharides

def atypical cell wall

not normal in grahm stains

why cant you stain mycobacterium

no outermembrane and produces WAXY mycolic acids

what do you have to use an acid stain on

mycobacterium

which bacteria struggles to get nutrients and why?

mycobacterium because of its slippery surface

what damages bacteria cell walls

lysozyme

penicillan

where is lysozyme found

cataylyzes disaacaride and fpund in sweat in tears(ITS WHY WE CRY!!!!!!!!!!!!!!)

what is a glycocalyx

a viscous polymer made up of polypeptides and polysaccarides

found outside of the cell

examples of glycocalyx

* capsule
* slime layer
* extracellular polymeric substance

def of capsule stain

stain backaground to see glycocalyx fx

what is a matured slime layer

ewwwwwwwwwwwww a biofilm

def of extracellular polymeric

advanced slime layer

fx capsule stain

stain the backagroud to see the glycolcalx

ALSO PROVIDE ADVHESIVE PROPERTIES

fx flagellum

provides mobility

one flagella

montrichorus

2 flagella

amphitrichorus

3 flagella

lophotrichorus

multiple flagella

petritrichorus

def of chemotaxis

moving in response of chemicals

def of phototaxis

moving in response of light

def of electrotaxis

moving in response of magnetic field

what are the external appendages of gram neg cells

fimbria and pili

fx fimbria

adherance

fx pili

motility, dna transfer, communication

how many genes does a virus have

less than 10