Transport in Animals

Flashcards about transport in animals.

Circulatory system

A system of blood vessels with a pump and valves to ensure one-way flow of blood.

Single circulation of fish

The blood passes through the heart once for every one circuit of the body.

Double circulation of mammal

The blood passes through the heart twice for every one circuit of the body.

Advantages of double circulation

Maintains high blood pressure, allows animals to have high metabolic rates, and prevents mixing of oxygenated and deoxygenated blood.

Septum

Separates the right and left sides of the heart.

Coronary arteries

Supplies the heart muscle with blood.

Veins

Carry blood to the heart.

Arteries

Carry blood away from the heart.

Importance of the septum

It separates the oxygenated blood from the deoxygenated blood.

Ways of Monitoring Heart Activity

ECG, Pulse rate, Listening to sounds of valves closing

Effect of physical exercise on heart rate

Physical exercise increases heart rate because muscle contraction requires more energy from respiration. Increased respiration increases demand for oxygen and removal of carbon dioxide. Heart pumps faster to provide more oxygen to the muscles and to remove carbon dioxide at the lungs.

Coronary heart disease (CHD)

The blockage of coronary arteries due to a build-up of fatty deposits which narrows the artery thus limiting blood flow to the heart.

Veins

Carry blood to the heart, Thin wall to withstand low pressure, Large lumen maintains low pressure, Contains semi-lunar valves to prevent backflow of blood

Capillaries

Allow exchange of substances to tissues, Wall is one cell thick, provides short diffusion distance, Small, blood moves slowly for exchange, Large numbers of capillaries provide large surface area

Arterioles

Carry blood to capillary, Regulate blood pressure for capillaries, prevent capillaries from bursting, Control blood flow towards surface of skin

Lymphatic system

A system of lymphatic vessels and lymph nodes that transports lymph

Phagocytes Function

Phagocytosis: Engulf pathogens into vacuole; Use enzymes to digest pathogen.

Lymphocytes Function

Antibody production.

Platelets Function

Clotting: Platelets promote clotting, Convert fibrinogen to fibrin, Forms a mesh to trap blood

Red blood cells Function

Transport oxygen, Biconcave discs, No nucleus (more space to carry oxygen), Contains haemoglobin

Plasma Function

Transport blood cells, ions, soluble nutrients, hormones and carbon dioxide