Halacha Schoolwide Tri 3 24-25

Is the אִסור of אַמִירָה לְעַכּוּ"ם prohibited מדְּרַבָּנָן or מִדְּאוֹרַייתָא?

מחלוקת. According to most פוסקים it is prohibited מדְּרַבָּנָן. The Halakha follows this opinion.

What does the word שְׁבוּת mean?

An act forbidden on Shabbat by the חכמים.

What is the אִסור of דַּבֵּר דָּבָר?

Speaking about things that are forbidden on Shabbat. For example, one cannot discuss business transactions on Shabbat.

According to Rashi why is אַמִירָה לְעַכּוּ"ם prohibited?

Because of ממצוא חפציך ודבר דבר

Does one need to stop a גוי from doing a מְלָאכָה on behalf of a Jew?

No. But under certain conditions one is not allowed to benefit from the מְלָאכָה until a specific amount of time after Shabbat.

Does one need to stop a קָטָן from doing a מְלָאכָה מִדְּאוֹרַייתָא on Shabbat?

Yes.

According to Rashi in מסכת שבת why can’t one tell a גוי to do מְלָאכָה for oneself on Shabbat?

The גוי is acting as one’s messenger.

According to the Rambam why can’t one tell a גוי to do מְלָאכָה for a Jew on Shabbat?

The חכמים were concerned that this will belittle the value of Shabbat in the eyes of the public and will eventually lead to Jews doing מְלָאכָה themselves.

Is one allowed to tell a גוי before Shabbat to do מְלָאכָה for a Jew on Shabbat?

No.

Is one allowed to tell a גוי before Shabbat to do מלאכה for him on Shabbat if the Jew only needs the מלאכה for after Shabbat?

No.

Define the words בִּכדֵי שֶׁתֵּעָשֶה.a (הלכה ב)

The time it takes to do the מְלָאכָה.

Is a Jew allowed to drink coffee on Shabbat that a גוי made for the Jew if the גוי made it without being asked? Why?

No. One is not allowed to benefit from a גוי’s melakha when it was done for a Jew.

In the above case when can the Jew benefit from the coffee?

After Shabbat בִּכדֵי שֶׁתֵּעָשֶה.

In the above case can the Jew benefit from the coffee if the גוי made a full pot for the גוי’s family and had some extra? (הלכה ג)

Yes, since the גוי did not make the coffee for the Jew.

Can one benefit from the light that one’s housekeeper turned on during שבת?

Depends, if the housekeeper turned on the light to help her see then yes. However, if she turned on the light for the Jewish people in the house then no.

Can one benefit from the coffee if the גוי brewed the pot for himself and the Jew? Explain.

No, even though this is one act of cooking, since the גוי is adding more water to cook for the Jew. However, the Jew can drink the coffee after Shabbat after בכדי שיעשה.

Is one allowed to go swimming in a public heated swimming pool if it was heated on Shabbat? (הלכה ז)

Depends: If the majority of the town are גויים → Yes. If the majority are Jews → One needs to wait after שבת the time of בִּכדֵי שֶׁתֵּעָשֶה.

What is the punishment for אַמִירָה לְעַכּוּ"ם?a (הלכה ח)

מַכַּת מַרדוּת

Is one allowed to benefit from אַמִירָה לְעַכּוּ"ם when it was done without permission?

Yes, but you need to wait בִּכדֵי שֶיֵעָשֶׂה after Shabbat.

Why does one need to wait for בִּכדֵי שֶיֵעָשֶׂה when asking a גוי to do מְלָאכָה for him on Shabbat?

In order to prevent people from asking גויים to do מְלָאכָה for them on Shabbat (such as cooking) in order that the product (food) will be ready immediately after Shabbat.

Explain the term שְׁבוּת דִשׁבוּת.

Doing an אִסור דְּרַבָּנָן such as אַמִירָה לְעַכּוּ"ם which will result in a מְלָאכָה דְּרַבָּנָן

Explain the term שְׁבוּת דִשׁבוּת במקום חולי/מצוה/צורך.

Telling a גוי to do a מְלָאכָה (first שבות) that is prohibited מדְּרַבָּנָן (second שבות) for someone who is sick, or to perform a מצוה or if there is a great need.

Give an example of the above case.

Asking a גוי to buy medicine for a sick person. Asking a גוי to bring wine for ׁקִדוּש through a כַּרמְלִית (an area where it is prohibited to carry מדרבנן). Asking a גוי to bring water to wash and clean a baby.

When is it permissible for a גוי to do מְלָאכָה for a Jew on Shabbat?

שבות דשבות במקום חולי/מצוה/צורך Cooking food for a young child who has nothing to eat (רמ”א)

Does one need to hint when asking a גוי to do מלאכה that falls under שבות דשבות במקום מצוה/חולי/צורך?

No.

Explain the term חולה שנפל למשכב.

Someone who is too sick to go out and needs to stay in bed.

Is one allowed to tell a גוי to do a מלאכה דאורייתא for a חולה שנפל למשכב?

Yes.

Is one allowed to hire a גוי for a project (such as dry cleaning a suit) if the גוי will work on Shabbat?

Yes, as long as no one knows the גוי’s project is for you and you did not ask the גוי to do the work for you on Shabbat.

If someone is renting a house to a גוי does he need to put in the lease that the גוי can’t do any work on the house on Shabbat? Explain.

No, since it is common to rent houses, everyone knows that the גוי is working on his own accord.

Define מזיד.

Doing an intended action with the knowledge that it is prohibited.

Define and give an example for שוגג.

Intentionally doing an action without knowing that the action is prohibited. Example: One who intentionally cooks on Shabbat but did not know cooking is אסור or did not know that today is Shabbat.Someone who knows that one cannot do מלאכה today because it’s Shabbat but did not know the מלאכה carries a punishment of כרת.

Is a Jew who violates Shabbat בְּמֵזִיד allowed to benefit from his action, on or after Shabbat?

No. It is always forbidden for him to benefit from the מְלָאכָה.

When can other Jews benefit from the מְלָאכָה in the above question?

Immediately after שבת. (One does not need to wait בִּכדֵי שֶיֵעָשֶׂה).

What is the הלכה in the above case if the Jew did the מְלָאכָה בשוגג?

Both the violator and everyone else can benefit from the מְלָאכָה immediately after Shabbat.

In general what is one allowed to tell a גוי to do on Shabbat? (שולחן ערוך סעיף ב)

Only things that a Jew can do himself.

Is one allowed to tell a גוי before שבת to do מלאכה for a Jew on Shabbat?

No.

Is one allowed to hint to a גוי after Shabbat to do מְלָאכָה for him on the next Shabbat?

Yes, but under certain conditions one can’t benefit from it until after Shabbat בִּכדֵי שֶיֵעָשֶׂה.

Define שקיעת החמה

Sunset - when the sun dips below the horizon

Define צאת הכוכבים.

When it is dark enough for one to see 3 medium stars

Define בין השמשות.

After sunset before צאת הכוכבים.

How is בין השמשות different than the rest of שבת regarding אַמִירָה לְעַכּוּ"ם?

One is allowed to tell the גוי to do any מלאכה for the sake of a מצוה or if there is a great need. For example one can tell the גוי to turn on the lights during בין השמשות.

In general is one allowed to hint to a גוי to do a מְלָאכָה on Shabbat?

Depends if the hint is said through a command, no. However if the hint is just a statement then yes. (Nevertheless one may not be allowed to benefit from the מְלָאכָה until after Shabbat).

Give a practical case where one can hint and benefit from the מְלָאכָה of a גוי.

If one is capable of reading in the room but will enjoy more light, one can hint to a גוי by saying it is a bit dark in the room.

What does one need to be careful of when hinting to a גוי?

The hint should not be a command rather a statement.

Define פסיק רישא ולא ימות.

Doing a permitted action which will result in the performance of a מְלָאכָה.

Give a modern day example of פסיק רישא (refrigerator light)

Opening up the refrigerator door which will cause the light to illuminate.

Is פסיק רישא permitted on Shabbat?

No.

Besides שבות דשבות במקום מצוה when else can one tell a גוי to do a מְלָאכָה גמורה?a(אגרות משה)

When there is a great need. For example one can tell a גוי to disable the refrigerator bulb in order to allow the opening and closing of the refrigerator during Shabbat.

Is one allowed to tell a גוי to a פסיק רישיה?

Yes.

According to Rav Moshe Feinstein why is one allowed to ask a גוי to open a refrigerator door if the light will automatically go on?

This is a case of פסיק רישיה which is permissible through a גוי.

According to Rav Moshe Feinstein, why is one allowed to ask a גוי to disable the bulb in the refrigerator?

One is allowed to ask a גוי to do a מְלָאכָה on Shabbat when there is a great need. Allowing one to access their food on Shabbat is considered a great need.

When is פָּרָשַׁת שְׁקָלִים?

The שַׁבָּת before ראש חודש אַדָר (the אדר that’s closer to the month of ניסן). When ראש חודש אדר falls out on Shabbat (like in 5785) we read שקלים on שבת ראש חודש and not the Shabbat before.

How many ספרי תורה do we take out on Shabbat פרשת שקלים?

2

What do we read on פָּרָשַׁת שְׁקָלִים?

The beginning of פָּרָשַׁת כי תשא

Why do we read פָּרָשַׁת שְׁקָלִים before ראש חודש אַדָר?

Because in the times of the בית המקדש they would have to remind everyone to bring the מחצית השקל, in the month of אַדָר.

What did the בית המקדש do with the מַחַצִית השקל that בני ישראל brought?

They bought animals for the daily morning and afternoon sacrifices.

When is פָּרָשַׁת זָכוֹר?

The שַׁבָּת before פּוּרִים.

How many ספרי תורה do we take out on Shabbat פרשת זכור?

2

What do we read on פָּרָשַׁת זָכוֹר?

The last three פסוקים of פָּרָשַׁת כי תצא.

Why do we read פָּרָשַׁת זָכוֹר before פּוּרִים?

In order to connect the destruction of עֲמָלֵק to the destruction of הָמָן who was a descendant of that nation.

Is the reading of פָּרָשַׁת זָכוֹר a מצוה דאורייתא or דרבנן?

The majority of פוסקים hold it’s דאורייתא.

Explain the term מִצְוַת עֲשֵה שֶׁהַזְּמַן גְרָמָא?

Positive time bound מצוה.

Is the מצוה of זכירת עמלק a מִצְוַת עֲשֵה שֶׁהַזְּמַן גְרָמָא?

No, because one needs to always remember the deeds of עמלק.

Do women need to hear פָּרָשַׁת זָכוֹר?

מחלקות, some say women are obligated because זכירת עמלק is a מצות עשה שלא הזמן גרמא. Others hold women are exempt because the reason to remember is a means to wage war against עמלק. Since women do not go out to war, women are therefore exempt from this מצוה.

What should women do if they can’t make it to shul for פָּרָשַׁת זָכוֹר?

Read it from a חומש at home.

How many times does one (men and women) need to hear the מגילה?

Twice, once at night and once during the day.

What can one do if s/he missed the night reading of מגילת אסתר?

Nothing.

From when to when can someone fulfill his obligation of the daytime reading of מגילת אסתר?

Anytime from sunrise to sunset.

Is one allowed to read the מגילה after dawn?

Only if he knows he’ll be unable to read it during the day.

What should one do if on Purim day close to sunset he realized that he needs to read the מגילה but knows that he won’t be able to finish it until after צאת הכוכבים?

He should read it without a ברכה.

Explain the term: בְּרוֹב עָם הַדרַת מֶלֶך.

God’s honor is greater with the larger crowd fulfilling His commandment.

Where is it preferable to read the מגילה?

In a large congregation.

When is one allowed to read the מגילה with only ten people instead of going to shul?

If one knows that he won’t be able to hear every word due to the disturbances.

Who is obligated to recite the מגילה?

Men, women, converts (and עבדים משוחררים)

Do children need to hear the מגילה?

It is a מצוה for the parents to bring their children in order to educate them about the מצוה of the מגילה.

Define: אף הן היו באותו הנס.

They were also part of the miracle.

Why are women obligated in קריאת המגילה if it is a מצות עשה שהזמן גרמא?

Because they were also in danger of being killed

If it is too hard for a woman to go to shul can she choose not to hear the מגילה?

No, she has to bring someone who can properly read for her at a later time.

Explain the term כל ישראל עַרֵבִין זֶה לזֶה:

All Jews are responsible for one another.

Why can one Jew say a ברכה for another Jew even if the one who is saying the ברכה fulfilled his obligation?

Because of the concept of כל ישראל ערבין זה לזה.

What ברכה should one say when reading the מגילה for women?

The Sephardic custom is to say: על מקרא מגילה. However, some אשכנזים hold to say לשמוע מגילה.

Should one say the ברכה of הרב את ריבנו when reading for women?

Only if there are 10 women present.

Can women read the מגילה for men?

This is a מחלוקת and it is better to avoid having a woman read for a man.

Is one allowed to eat before hearing the מגילה of the night or day?

No.

Is one allowed to eat fruits, vegetables, bread and cake up to a כביצה before the מגילה reading?

Yes, but one who refrains from doing so will receive a special blessing from heaven.

How many ברכות do we say before and after the recitation of the מגילה?

3 before 1 after Before: על מקרא מגילה שֶׁעָשָה נִסִּים שֶׁהֶחֶייָנוּ After הַרָב אֶת רִיבֵנוּ

Explain the term בְּרָכוֹת אֵינָן מְעַכְּבוֹת.

One can fulfill a מצוה without reciting a ברכה. For example, one would fulfill the מצוה of lighting Shabbat candles even if the person did not recite the ברכה.

Does one fulfill the מצוה of קריאת המגילה if one did not recite or hear the ברכות? Explain.

Yes, because of the rule ברכות אינן מעכבות.

Explain the term: מִצְוֹת צְרִיכוֹת כַּוָנָה

One needs to know he is fulfilling a מצוה in order to fulfill his obligation.

What should they announce at shul before the מגילה reading?

To have in mind that they are fulfilling their obligation of מגילה reading.

Does one recite the ברכה of שהחיינו before fulfilling the מצות of: מתנות לאביונים, משלוח מנות and סעודת פורים?

No.

What should one have in mind when listening to the ברכה of שהחיינו?

That we are thanking HaShem for the opportunity for the מצות of: משלוח מנות, מתנות לאביונים and סעודת פורים.

Should people answer ברוך הוא וברוך שמו when hearing the ברכות of the מגילה?

No

Should people answer אמן when hearing the ברכות of the מגילה?

Yes

Does one need to hear every word of the מגילה?

Yes

When should the reader repeat words in the מגילה?

If the children made too much noise and the listeners didn’t hear some words.

Why is it ideal that the listener follows along through a Kosher מגילה?a(סעיף כ”ח)

This way he can read any words or פסוקים to himself in case he misses the word from the חזן.

Is one allowed to read parts of the מגילה by heart? (footnote 115)

Yes, one is allowed to read up to half of the מגילה by heart.

Can one read missed words or פסוקים to himself from a printed חומש? Why?

Yes, since one is allowed to read up to half the מגילה by heart. Reading from a printed חומש is no worse than reading by heart.

According to הרב שלום אלישיב does one fulfill their obligation if they “spaced out” during מגילה reading but was mechanically following along with their finger inside the מגילה? (footnote 115)

Yes.