HS 200 Test 3

Types of stems

Prostrate

Prostrate

Stems that run along the ground

Stolon

Prostrate stem that runs along the ground and produces a plantlet at tip (ex. Strawberry

Rhizome

Prostrate stem that runs below ground and produces a plantlet at tip (ex. Snake plant

Tuber

Large

Polygonatum odoratum 'Variegatum'

Variegated Solomon's Seal

Crowns

Area where stem meets root

Monoculture

Only growing one thing

Functions of a leaf

Food production & storage

Blade

Actual leafy part of a leaf

Petiole

Connects stem to leaf

Simple leaf

One blade

Compound leaf

More than one blade

4 keys to plant growth

Water

How does water contribute to plant growth

Hydration

How does nutrition contribute to plant growth

Health

Sugar

Building blocks and fuel

Chemical Energy

Energy to flow

5 plant growth processes

Absorption

Osmosis

Diffusion of water through a semipermeable membrane from an area of lower solute concentration to an area of higher solute concentration

Carrier Molecule Theory

Nutrient specific molecules

Translocation

Movement of materials in a plant from one area to another

Materials in Translocation

Xylem

Why is photosynthesis the most important process on earth?

Oxygen is important

Ingredients of Photosynthesis

CO2 & H2O

Energy source for Photosynthesis

Light

Substrate of the reaction (photosynthesis)

Chloroplast (Chlorophyll)

Products of Photosynthesis

Basic plant sugars & Oxygen

Chlorophyll is ...

Light sensitive

Factors that effect the rate of photosynthesis

Light intensity

Transpiration

Process where water is absorbed by the plant roots

Where does the water go?

1% is used in photosynthesis

Why so much transpiration?

It's a transportation system for nutrients & water

Factors that affect the rate of transpiration

Relative humidity

Organelle of Transpiration

Stomata (stomate)

Respiration

Plants turn light energy into potential energy into chemical energy

Chlorophytum comosum

Spider plant

"Seed Potatoes"

Vegetative (asexual) propagation

Fertilizer Burn

A 'leaf scorch' resulting from over-fertilization

Chlorosis

Yellowing due to low chlorophyll

Etiolation

Growth in dark

Illicium floridanum

Haley's Comet

Anthocyanins

A type of flavonoid that turns plants red

Abscission Layer

Where something is about to fall off

Ginko Tree

All leaves fall at once

Osmosis requires no \________ it is a \________ process

energy, passive

Flower

Primary Sexual Reproductive Organ

Sepal

Green part under a flower that supports it

Calyx (K-lix)

Another term for Sepal

Petals

Collection of colorful appendages around the flower

Corolla

Term referring to petals

Pistil

Female part

3 parts of a pistil

Stigma (lil ball on top)

Stamen

Male part

2 parts of a stamen

Anther (kinda looks like a butt

Complete flower

Flower containing all 4 parts

Incomplete flower

Flower containing less than all 4 parts

Pistillate

Flower with only pistils

Staminate

Flower with only stamen

Monoecious

Plants having separate male and female flowers on the same plant

Diecious

Plants with male flowers on one plant and female flowers on a different plant of the same species

Pollination

Pollen lands on stigma and is accepted

Fertilization

Male genetic information fuses with an egg in the ovary

Aids to pollination

Wind

Hummingbirds...

Eat nectar

Top hummingbird plants

Deep red/orange colored flowers

Self-compatible

Plants that accept their own pollen and will also accept foreign

Self-incompatible

Plants that only accept foreign pollen (same plant but different type)

Prune before flushing

Cut back before you stop giving it nutrients and just water (bud on a stem grows

Mr Rogers method

Buy plants with your neighbors that will pollinate each other

Pollinator Rows

Rows in an orchard that will pollinate each other

Bouquet Method

Find someone with a tree compatible to yours

Fruit

A mature flower ovary containing plant embryos

Fruit can be \_____ or \_____

fleshy

Proper fruit development is needed for ...

Proper seed development

Seed

A miniature plant surrounded by a protective covering called a seed coat

Seed germination

Embryo imbibes water and begins to grow: radicle

Seed viability

The ability of a seed to germinate and grow normally

Seed longevity

How long a seed remains viable

Factors that effect seed longevity

Species

Nelumbo

Lotus (1300 yrs old)

Required for successful germination ...

Media (soil

Vivipary

Latin for live birth

\____ & \____ can come true from seed

but \____ cannot

2 types of dormancy

Physical & Physiological

Physical dormancy

Seed coat is so thick it's impervious to water (if water could get in

Example of physical dormancy

Redbud

Physical dormancy longevity

Woody plants 5-7 years

Scarification

Breaking the dormancy of physically dormant seeds

Natural scarification

Natural weathering

3 types of (non-natural) scarification

Mechanical (actually breaking them down)

Biochemical dormancy

Even though water can get in

2 methods for natural stratification

1- Exposing to different regimes (periods) of temperature and moisture
2- warm/dry followed by cold/moist followed by warm/moist

Home-method for stratification

60-90 days in moist media

Double Dormancy

A seed that is both physically and physiologically dormant (scarify first to get moisture in

Polygamodioecious

Can change their sex to ensure pollination

Seed Banks

Store plants in a safe environment to protect biodiversity and protect plants from catastrophic events

Svalbard Global Seed Vault

In Norway 600 miles from N. pole

Vegetative plant propagation

Making more plants without sexual reproduction

Clone

Group of genetically identical plants derived from a single individual (ortet)