Organic Chemistry I

Alcohols

molecules which bare a standalone hydroxy (-OH) group

Ethers

molecules which contain two alkyl groups bonded to an oxygen (R-O-R’)

Aldehydes

has one alkyl group and a carbonyl group (C=O) bonded to at least one hydrogen atom.

Ketones

have two alkyl groups bonded to the carbonyl group (C=O)

Carboxylic acids

contains a carboxylic group (-COOH), its a combination of a carbonyl and a hydroxy group

Amines

alkylated derivatives of ammonia

Amides

derivatives of carboxylic acids made by reacting -COOH with an amine, the combination of a carbonyl and an amine

Nitriles

contains R-C≡N group (sp hybridized)

Arrhenius Acid

a molecular compound which dissociates in water to give hydronium ions

Arrhenius base

a molecular compound which dissociates in water to give hydroxide ions

Bronsted-Lowry acid

any molecule which can be a proton donor

Bronsted-Lowry base

any molecule which can be a proton acceptor

Lewis Acid

electron acceptor (electrophile)

Lewis base

electron donor (nucleophile)

Hydrocarbons

molecules containing only hydrogen and carbon molecules

Classes of hydrocarbons

aliphatic and aromatic

Types of aliphatic hydrocarbons

alkanes, alkenes, and alkynes

Alkanes

all single bonds

Alkenes

at least one double bond

Alkynes

at least one triple bond

Benzene

single, double, single bonded carbons in a hexagon

Isomers

compounds which are different but have the same molecular formula

Constitutional isomers

a type of isomer in which the molecules have different connectivity

Stereoisomers

molecules which have the same molecular formula and sequence of bonded atoms but differ in the spatial orientation of atoms or groups in the molecule

Conformational isomers

a type of stereoisomer in which two identical molecules only differ in the conformation of atoms in 3D space

Categories of conformational isomers

Staggered and eclipsed

Factors affecting acid strength

Resonance, size, electronegativity, inductive effects, s-character