Cardiology Review Notes

Flashcards covering key concepts and terminology related to cardiology based on the provided lecture notes.

Left Heart Failure

Presents as pulmonary findings such as pulmonary edema, dyspnea, orthopnea, and paroxysmal nocturnal dyspnea.

Right Heart Failure

Presents as systemic findings including jugular venous distension (JVD) and peripheral edema.

Pulmonary Capillary Wedge Pressure (PCWP)

Indicates left atrial pressure; elevated in left heart pathology.

Cor Pulmonale

Right heart failure due to pulmonary causes, with a normal PCWP.

Congestive Heart Failure

Combination of left heart failure and right heart failure.

Atrial Septal Defect (ASD)

Characterized by fixed splitting of S2 and can lead to paradoxical emboli.

Ventricular Septal Defect (VSD)

Holosystolic murmur at the lower left sternal border; can lead to Eisenmenger syndrome.

Mitral Regurgitation

Holosystolic murmur potentially due to post-MI papillary muscle rupture.

Mitral Stenosis

Diastolic murmur characterized by a rumbling sound and an opening snap; often results from rheumatic fever.

Aortic Regurgitation

Holodiastolic murmur that causes wide pulse pressure and bounding pulses.

Cardiac Tamponade

Condition characterized by Beck's triad: hypotension, JVD, and muffled heart sounds.

Endocarditis

Infection of heart valves; acute is typically caused by Staphylococcus aureus, while subacute is linked to Streptococcus viridans.

Carotid Bruit

Auscultation finding that indicates carotid artery stenosis.

Classical Angina

Chest pain due to exercise that resolves with rest; caused by >70% arterial occlusion.

Supra ventricular tachycardia (SVT)

Presents with narrow complexes on ECG, managed with vagal maneuvers or adenosine.

Ventricular Tachycardia (VT)

Characterized by wide complexes on ECG, requires anti-arrhythmics or defibrillation.

Pulmonary Hypertension

Increased pressure in pulmonary circulation, can lead to right heart failure.

S3 Heart Sound

Indicates heart failure, typically due to volume overload.

S4 Heart Sound

Suggests stiff ventricles, commonly seen in hypertensive patients.

Dihydropyridine Calcium Channel Blockers

Used primarily for hypertension, can cause peripheral edema.

Black Widow spider bite

Presents with neurotoxicity including muscle cramps and systemic symptoms.

Digoxin Toxicity

Presents with yellow vision or gastrointestinal disturbances; managed with anti-digoxin Fab fragments.

Chronic Mesenteric Ischemia

Abdominal pain after meals due to inadequate blood supply, typically from atherosclerosis.

Aortic Dissection

Severe chest pain that can radiate to the back; characteristically presents with unequal blood pressures in arms.