Unit 3: Period 3: 1754-1800

Flashcards about the French and Indian War and the American Revolution. Key topics include the causes and effects of the French and Indian War, taxation without representation, philosophical foundations of the American Revolution, the war itself, and the shaping of a new republic.

The French and Indian War

Conflict between the British and the French & Indians for control of the Ohio River Valley.

Cause of the French and Indian War

British colonies encroaching on lands in the Ohio River Valley that the French claimed.

Albany Plan of Union

A council of representatives to decide on frontier defense, trade, and westward expansion.

Peace of Paris (1763)

Peace treaty where Spain ceded Florida to British, French left North America, Spain got lands west of Mississippi, and British got lands east of Mississippi.

Effect of the French and Indian War

Land in Ohio River valley was now in British control, leading to more westward expansion and conflicts with Natives.

Proclamation Line of 1763

Stopped colonists from migrating west of Appalachian mountains and the Ohio River Valley.

Consequence of the French and Indian War

Colonial resentment increased and Parliament increased taxes on colonies.

Salutary Neglect

Self-government, especially in the colonies.

Grenville's Plan

Stricter enforcement of navigation acts, quartering act of 1765, sugar act, stamp act (1765), and currency act.

Sugar Act

Taxes on coffee, wine, and molasses.

Stamp Act (1765)

Taxes on all paper items.

Currency Act

Prohibited colonial assemblies from printing their own currency.

Sons of Liberty, Daughters of Liberty, and Vox Populi

Colonial response to taxation without representation.

Stamp Act Congress

Petitioned Parliament to repeal the Stamp Act, arguing that taxation without representation was tyranny.

Declaratory Act

Declared that Britain had the right to do whatever they wanted with the colonies.

Townshend Acts (1767)

Taxes on various imports, led to huge boycotts and protests.

Boston Massacre (1770)

British soldiers opened fire, killing 4 and injuring 11.

Tea Act

Tax on tea and gave exclusive rights to British East India Company.

Coercive Acts (1774)

closed Boston Harbor until tea was paid for, Quartering Act was passed again.

Intolerable Acts

Closed Boston Harbor until tea was paid for and the Quartering Act was passed again.

Continental Congress (1774)

Delegates from every colony (except Georgia) debated about what to do about Britain’s tyranny.

John Locke

Argued that a government only existed from the consent of the governed and that human beings have natural rights just for existing.

Jean-Jaques Rousseau

Power to govern in hands of the people = social contract.

Baron de Montesquieu

Republican government was the best to preserve the people’s liberty.

Common Sense by Thomas Paine

Used everyday language to argue for independence.

2nd Continental Congress (1776)

Formal resolution for independence was decided on.

Thomas Jefferson

Composed the Declaration of Independence.

Loyalists

Opposed independence/patriots.

George Washington

General of the continental army.

William Howe

British general w/ 10k British troops and around 60k loyalists on his side.

First Victory

Washington led his troops across the Delaware River in 1776.

Battle of Saratoga

France was convinced that they could win and saw it as a chance to weaken Britain.

Final battle; Yorktown

French support helped the army beat Britain and force their surrender.

Paris Peace Treaty (1783)

Britain recognized America as an independent nation with a western boundary at the Mississippi River.

Republican Motherhood

Women raised sons with good republican ideals = women were given more education.

French Revolution

Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen was created, based on the Declaration of Independence.

Haitian Revolution (1791)

Slaves rose up and killed masters (led by Toussaint Louverture), won and created the first successful black-led nation.

The Articles of Confederation

The First Constitution of the United States created in 1781.

Northwest Ordinance of 1787

public education, protection of private property, abolished slavery in the northwest, provided a means where western territories could get a population to apply for statehood.

Shays’ Rebellion (mid 1780s)

Proved that the Articles was a flawed doc, economy was a mess.

Delegates

Met in 1787 for the Constitutional Convention.

Virginia Plan

strong central state, bicameral legislature, representative based on population.

New Jersey Plan

Unicameral legislature, equal representatives.

The Great Compromise

Bicameral legislature, House of Representatives based on population, Senate equal votes for each state (2 votes).

Three Fifths Compromise

3/5th of the slaves could be added to the population for representation.

House of Representatives

Elected by the people, 2 year terms.

Senate

Elected by state legislatures, 6 year terms.

Executive branch

electoral college, president not elected by people but by states

Federalists

Persuaded the people to ratify the constitution.

Anti-federalists

Persuaded people not to ratify, too much power in the central government w/ less for the states.

Federalism

The SHARING of power between the national government and state government.

Supremacy Clause (Article 6)

national law trumps state law

10th Amendment

the powers not delegated to the federal government is given to the states

3 branches of government

Legislative, Executive, and Judicial.

Check & Balance

No one branch had all the power.

Established executive departments

state, treasury, war, justice

Each headed by a secretary

made up a cabinet of advisors

Alexander Hamilton - secretary of treasury

Proposed to absorb each state’s debts to make a national debt.

Elastic clause

Power to make laws that are necessary for the federal government’s success

French Revolution - Should the US aid the French?

Washington went against Jefferson, argued that the US was too young.

Edmond Genet, French diplomat

Went directly to the US to get support

Jay’s Treaty

British agreed to give up posts on Americna territory’s west

Pinckney Treaty

Opened New Orelans for trade, Southern border of the US was on the 31st parallel

Whiskey Rebellion (1794)

Whiskey Tax

Federalists

Strong central government, Urban/elite interests

Democratic Republicans

States rights, Rural & agricultural interests

Washington’s Farewell Address

Warned against factions & political parties, dangers of getting into alliances with European nations

XYZ Affair

“XYZ” diplomats demanded a bribe to discuss

Alien & Sedition Acts

imprison/deport any noncitizens the fed gov pleased

Virginia & Kentucky Resolutions

States had the right to nullify any federal law that went beyond the powers granted by the constitution

Republican Motherhood

Mothers were the best for influencing their sons to learn virtue and liberty

Virginia Statute for Religious Freedom

Separation of church & state (very American)