A&P2: Blood and Immune system

_________ falls under the category of connective tissue.

Blood

_________ is (?less/more?) involved in the body which is why its talked about separately from the connective tissue, but at the end of the day it follows the same concept.

- Blood

- more

In the blood, rather than calling a matrix the matrix, it is called _________.

plasma

In the blood, rather than calling cells, the cells, is it called something else?

No

The blood is made up of _________ and _______ and other ____.

plasma and cells and other stuff

The plasma in our blood is made up of _______ and ____________ molecules.

- water

- protein

The plasma in the blood is composed of more than 90% of ____ which is the reason the blood is a ______ connective tissue.

- H2O

- liquid

Because the blood is mainly water due to the plasma components, anything that is w____-______ would travel easily in the blood.

water-soluble

What is hydrophobic?

doesn't like water

Anything that is hydrophobic in nature (for example, ch___________ol or ______-derived substances) would have a ______ time traveling within the blood.

- cholesterol

- lipid

- hard

There are many different proteins in our blood plasma, but we only talk about a_____________n, ____________, f______________n, and __________________.

- albumin

- globulin

- fibrinogen

- transferrin

What does oncotic mean?

the pulling force that proteins make to keep water inside blood vessels.

What are the two most important proteins in the blood? Name their important functions in the body (3) (Globulin has one specific one).

- Albumin and globulin

- Carrier proteins

- Maintaining Oncotic Pressure

- Globulin: Immune Function

Albumin and globulin act as _________ proteins, they will (?help/stop?) ______phobic __________________ go from one place to the next.

For example, if you are releasing a hormone that has a lipid-based structure, that hormone (?can/can't?) travel through the blood, so these proteins help them travel.

- carrier

- help

- hydrophobic

- substances

- can't

Proges________, ________gen, testosterone, t_______d are a few hormones which are proteins and _______-soluble hormones and they do not mix with water good so they need a __________ _____________ to move.

- Progesterone

- estrogen

- testosterone

- thyroid

- lipid

- carrier protein

Proteins A. and G. maintain oncotic pressure by staying (?inside/outside?) our body vessels, such as capillaries and kidneys (not a vessel but still helps regulate fluid balance), to help with their function. They (?cannot/can?) be filtered out because water will leak and disrupt the attractive force in the structure to keep the water (?in/out?). If you (?do/don't?) have enough protein in the structure and water starts to leak then you will have tissues, which are outside of the structures, (?filled/empty?) (?without/with?) the fluid which is referred to as e____a (>chronic liver disease)

- inside

- cannot

- in

- don't

- filled

- with

- edema

In capillary (exchange) the protein inside the blood helps to (?attract/rid?) _________ and keeps that blood (?out/in?) our vascular system/capillary. If you lose that protein in the blood, the water will start ______ from the capillaries.

- attract

- water

- in

- leaking

A majority of protein in the blood is made by the ________.

liver

___________ is when fluid starts accumulating in the ______________ because of _______ failure (> less proteins in the body structures > excess fluid in tissues > swell) making someone look "pregnant" when they are not.

- Ascites

- Abdomen

- liver

In the immune system there are antibodies which are proteins called ____________________. The protein _____________ in blood plasma helped create those proteins/antibodies.

- immunoglobins

- globulin

Homeostasis vs. Hemostasis:

Homeostasis = The __________ way of keeping things ___________ (like temperature, pH, and water levels).

Hemostasis = The ___________ that stops ______________ when you get a cut. It involves ___________ to prevent blood loss.

Which one has Fibrinogen involved in its process?

- body's

- balanced

- process

- bleeding

- clotting

- Hemostasis

Hydrophobic vs. Hydrophilic:

________________ = "Water-fearing" → Repels water (does not mix).

________________ = "Water-loving" → Attracts water (dissolves or mixes). Example: Salt.

- Hydrophobic

- Hydrophilic

Will hydrophilic or -phobic substances travel easy through the blood plasma?

hydrophilic

Transferrin binds with the element _______ to allow it to travel/transport. Transferrin is also a __________ p__________n.

Ex: from _______ to the bone marrow.

- iron

- carrier protein

- liver

Fibrinogen is an inactive protein that plays a crucial role in _________ _____________.

blood clotting

Plasma is also formed by other stuff such as ________ acids, ______proteins,

a___________ia; _____ acid; u____, e_____________; Na+; K+; _____; Mg+; ____; _________, g__________e, vitamin, h_______________

- amino

- lipoproteins

- ammonia

- uric

- urea

- electrolyte's

- Ca+

- Cl-

- HCO3-

- glucose

- hormones

If you observe a test tube that contain a blood sample from a patient, and you have it sitting upright for a period of time, you will start to notice that a little bit less than a third of that test tube is settling down at the bottom and is red in color, this is the __________ ______. It is called the R___'s. There is then a thin layer on top of that called ________ coat layer, which contains our ________ blood cells or ___BC's and our p_____________. Then, on top of that thin layer, or the upper majority of that test tube, you can see what appears to be a semi-opaque material because of the presence of protein and other stuff, which is the ___________.

- blood cells

- RBC's

- Buffy

- white

- WBC's

- platelets

- plasma

Lets say in our sample we took 100 ml of blood, how much total volume is simply occupied by RBC's? What is this specific section referred as, and what does that mean. An adult _______ should have around 55-60% vs. an adult ________ should have 45-55% (could vary).

- around 45%

- Hematocrit value: volume occupied by RBC's in whole blood

- male

- female

A lower hematocrit value means fewer RBCs, leading to ___________.

A higher hematocrit value means more RBCs, which could indicate ____________________.

If someone has too many RBCs, blood viscosity (?decreases/increases?), making it thicker. This leads to higher ______, which means the afterload (the pressure the heart pumps against) will (?decrease/increase?).

- anemia

- polycythemia

- increase

- TPR

- increase

Our RBCs (erythrocytes) help with gas _________________, transporting oxygen from the lungs to the ___________ and returning carbon dioxide to the ________. They are constantly involved in oxygen delivery and CO₂ pickup. This cell is the most (?numerous/low?) in our blood.

- transportation

- tissues

- lungs

- numerous

Because the RBC's have no DNA, which means no protein, there is no way to ________. Due to this, the RBC's have a lifespan of bout ______ days. They also do not have a mitochondrion which means they need to do a process called ______________ which does not require the mitochondrion to make energy but produces very little energy source. The RBC is insulin (?dependent/independent?).

- repair

- 120

- glycolysis

- independent

The RBC is concave because it needs a lot of ______________ ______ and the shape makes it _________dynamic (move smoothly through blood vessels with little resistance).

- surface area

- hydrodynamic

Every ___-___ hours, red blood cells (RBCs) pass through a "checkpoint," mainly in the ________ (left hypochondrial region). This is where old, damaged, or abnormal RBCs are identified and (?removed/fixed?). as well as recycled.

- 24-36

- spleen

- removed

The heme- part of hemoglobin is ...

The -globin part is ...

Bilirubin is ________toxic and ______ soluble

- Heme has the element iron Fe+3 and bilirubin

- Globin has proteins that break into amino acids

- neurotoxic

- lipid

When damaged RBCs are removed, the hemoglobin inside them is left behind and cannot simply be discarded. Instead, it travels through the ________ vein to the liver, which processes and recycles its components. The liver also absorbs nutrients and other substances from the gastrointestinal (GI) tract. The liver ships the _____ out into the _______ marrow using the ________________ carrier protein.

-portal

- iron

- bone

- transferrin

Once the iron is removed, bilirubin remains. It is processed through a reaction called __________________, which converts it into conjugated bilirubin, making it ________-soluble and (?more/less?) toxic. However, even in this safer form, bilirubin cannot accumulate in tissues, as it would cause a _________________ of the body called ____________.

- conjugation

- water

- less

- yellowing

- jaundice

To prevent this, bilirubin is sent into the body's drainage system and stored in a "bag" called the _________________. The fluid collected in the gallbladder is called ______, which is a substance excreted by the liver. The liver releases bile into the ________________, the first part of the small intestine, where it helps digest fats.

- gallbladder

- bile

- duodenum

If the spleen is removed then the _______/______ ___________ are capable of taking over the job.

- liver

- bone marrow

Making a brand new RBC in the bone marrow is called...

The required things to make a new RBC are... (3)

- Erythropoiesis

- Iron

_ B12

- Folic Acid (needed for all new cell production

What is erythropoietin? Who makes and produces and releases this to make RBC?

- Hormone that helps make red blood cells (RBCs).

- kidneys when oxygen levels in the blood are low EPO signals the bone marrow to produce more RBCs.

In a pregnant mother, the fetus needs to start making its own hemoglobin and red blood cells (RBCs). This ________________ the need for iron and vitamins, which is why supplements are recommended. If the mother does not get enough, the fetus will ..., which can lead to a__________ in the mother.

- increases

- take from her reserves

- anemia

Inside our bones, there are bone cavities with bone marrow. In this marrow there are _________________ stem cells. These cells are capable of becoming (?any/none?) of the cells.

- pluripotent

- any

These pluripotent stem cells can become two kinds of cells, ___________ and ____________ stem cells. Once pluripotent stem cells differentiates into _____________ stem cells they cannot turn into a _____________ stem cell.

- myeloid

- lymphoid

- myeloid

- lymphoid

There are 7 different cells that you can become within myeloid and they are...

- RBC's (erythrocytes)

- Platelets (thrombocytes)

- Mast cell

- Eosinophil

- Basophil

- Neutrophil

- Monocyte

Which cell has no nucleus?

RBC's

With monocytes, they become __________________.

- macrophages

For the RBC's they are referred to as _____________________ when they are mature and ____________________ when they are immature

- erythrocytes

- reticulocytes

For the platelets, they are referred to as ___________________ when they are mature and _______________________ when they are immature. The process that the immature form has to go through to become mature is called ___________________.

- thrombocytes

- megakaryocytes

- fragmentation

What are the 3 different stages Lymphoid cells can be in?

- T-Lymphocyte

- B-Lymphocyte

- Natural Killer (NK) cell

Within the kinds of cells can pluripotent cells can become, which are WBC's? (7) How many are myeloid and how many are lymphoid.

- neutrophils

- Eosinophil

- Basophil

- Monocyte

- T-Lymphocyte

- B-Lymphocyte

- Natural Killer Cell

- 4 myeloid

- 3 (all lymphoid regardless)

What organ is responsible in maturing the T-Lymphocyte? Until what age does this organ stop working (becomes fibrous tissue)?

- Thymus

- 11-12

There are two different cells that can derive from a T-Lymphocyte. They are...

- T-Helper cell

- T-Cytotoxic cell

When the B-Lymphocyte gets "angry" it becomes a __________ cell (still a B-Lymphocyte); it just looks different and has a different job.

Plasma

The B-Lymphocytes become mature straight in the _______ ___________.

Bone marrow

Which WBC's are referred as granulocytes? What color does each of them have?

- Eosinophil (bright red)

- basophil (dark blue/purple and very full)

- Neutrophil (pink/purple)

The WBC's that do not have granulates are referred as ________________________.

agranulocytes

How many lobes does a Neutrophil have?

2-5

What kind of lobe does an eosinophil have?

Bi-lobed nucleus

What does the lobe of a Monocyte look like?

Horseshoe, bean, kidney

Our WBC's play a role in our immune system of fighting off ...

infections, bacteria, viruses, and other harmful invaders to keep us healthy.

Our platelets help stop bleeding by forming ______ when a blood vessel is injured. They stick together at the site of a cut and work with _______________ to create a protective plug, preventing excessive blood (?gain/loss?). Work within 1-3 minutes.

- clots

- proteins

- loss

The _________________ is a large cell that initially contains a nucleus, which is necessary for producing proteins (since DNA is required for protein synthesis). However, because the cell is so large, it needs assistance in removing the nucleus, as the nucleus cannot exit on its own. This process is facilitated by a ________________, which helps get rid of the nucleus. If this process is successful, the _________________ matures into a ______.

- reticulocyte

- macrophage

- reticulocyte

- RBC

Myeloid stem cells can differentiate into ___________________________, which are large, multinucleated cells. Because of their size, they cannot circulate in the bloodstream. Instead, they break down into smaller fragments that become mature thrombocytes (____________), which only live for around __-__ days.

- megakaryocytes

- platelets

- 8-10

Platelets do contain granules just not visible enough to be considered a granulocyte. Their granules are called _________ granules. Their granules have some _______________ inside.

- alpha

- chemicals

What are some of the chemicals within the platelet granules? (5)

- Thromboxane A2

- Calcium Ion Ca+2

- Fibrinogen

- ADP

- Platelet Derived Growth Factor

____________________ ___ is a powerful chemical released by platelets during the platelet plug formation process. It acts as a chemical _____________ that signals other platelets to come to the site of injury, helping to form the platelet plug. It also promotes platelet __________________ (sticking together) and ______-_______, further contributing to the clotting process.

- Thromboxane A2

- attractant

- aggregation

- vaso-spasm

__________ works by restraining the production of thromboxane A2, which reduces platelet ___________________ and helps prevent blood clot formation. It's commonly prescribed to patients who are at risk for blood clots or cardiovascular issues. This drug is typically taken in low doses (>=_____ mg) to help prevent clots, especially in individuals with a history of heart disease or stroke.

- Aspirin

- aggregation

- 150

Platelet-Derived Growth Factor (PDGF) is a chemical ______________ released by platelets during the clotting process. It plays a key role in platelet __________________, allowing platelets to stick together and form a stable blood clot.

- attractant

- aggregation

What are some of the receptors on the surface of the platelets? (3)

- Glycoprotein 1b

- Glycoprotein 2b/3a

- ADP receptor

If there are not enough (enough is 150,000-400,000) platelets, then rather than it being thrombocytes, it would be _____________________________ which means you would bleed easily and that's not good.

thrombocytopenia

Neutrophil's are ___-___% of the WBC make up

60-70

Neutrophil's are the _______-responder. They will responder in an acute _______________________. When they go out to fight, they always use the same techniques and never change them even if they lose; this is called ______-_____________ response.

- first

- inflammation

- non-specific

Neutrophils fight by releasing their ______________ which are very powerful enzymes. They also do ____________________ (eat up stuff and destroy using lysosomes).

- granules

- phagocytosis

What is antigen?

Any foreign substance that is capable of evoking an immune response

More than ___% of the time, antigen is made up of ___________ proteins that the body would love to act against. So, if a ___________ protein is consumed and the body doesn't react, it's not considered antigen.

- 99

- foreign

- foreign

When an antigen enters our body, we release/produce _________________ (i___________________) in order to fight against them.

- antibodies

- immunoglobins

Our bodies can make 5 different antibodies which are...

- Ig A

- Ig G

- Ig E

- Ig D

- Ig M

The immunoglobins are (?very specific/unspecific?) for the antibody that they have been made for. They are also very _____________ meaning they can detect a certain antigen very (?hard/easily?).

- very specific

- sensitive

- easily

If an antigen changes, then the current immunoglobin is __________; you (don't/must?) make a new one for that new antigen.

- useless

- must

There are two immune responses ...

- Innate immune

- adaptive immune response

The ___________ immune response is something we (?know/have?) to learn since birth.

Ex: tears, saliva, sweat

- innate

- know

Cell's that are innate immune responses/players are (4) ...

- Neutrophil

- Macrophages

- NK cells

- Dendric cells

Our ______________ immune response has a steeper _____________ that is involved. The body needs to be introduced with an antigen. It adapts, learns, and becomes more and more strong in response.

- adaptive

- learning

Players of the ____________ immune response have non-specific responses (don't change their fighting strategy), and players of the _____________ immune system learn with a specific response.

- innate

- adaptive

Our _______________ immune response uses its memory to remember what response is best in defeating an ___________.

- adaptive

- antigen

Our __ and __ lymphocytes come into play in the _____________ immune response

- B

- T

- adaptive

Neutrophils can be considered __________ __________________ cells which are cells that help activate the adaptive immune system by processing and displaying antigens to T cells.

- antigen

- representing

If you take a blood sample of a patient with a fever and you see an increased amount of neutrophils this is referred to as _________________. Neutrophils are reaction to infection.

If the number of neutrophils very decreased then someone could visit the hospital a lot because they don't have a lot of neutrophils to attack infection.

neutrophilia

Eosinophils typically make up __-__% of total white blood cells.

2-6

Eosinophils work as an ____________________.

Combats the effect of histamine which is a chemical that is released during inflammation.

anti-histamine

Eosinophils fight against invasive ________________ (multicellular). They will release their ______________ with chemical antihistamine.

- parasites

- granules

Just because someone has an increase of eosinophils doesn't mean they have parasite. It could mean they have _________ ______________.

Chronic allergies

Basophils are the most (?common/rare?) WBC's with a prevalence of ___-___%.

- rare

- 0.5-1

Basophils are ______________ attractant, making them the initiative "whistleblower". The strongest chemical they have is ____________ unlike eosinophils.

- chemical

- histamine

Basophils (?do/don't?) have very visible nucleus. When looking at a basophil under a microscope the way to differentiate a basophil with a lymphocyte is that basophil (?do/do not?) have a visible cytoplasm.

- don't

- don't

Monocytes have a __-__% prevalence.

3-8

When the body deals with a chronic infection, the _________________ deal with long incubating bacteria's. They are sent to the cite and fuse together to become big with multiple nuclei, but it's now referred as a __________________ (also considered an antigen representing cell and does phagocytosis)

- monocytes

- macrophage

The lymphocytes have a "_________" (clear) _________________ and so do monocytes.

- scanty

- cytoplasm

__.__. = ___________ of _____________________ are surface proteins used to identify/mark and classify different types of immune cells (we specifically only mention the ones on the _________________ stem cells.

- C.D.

- clusters

- differentiation

- lymphoid

In B-Lymphocyte the C.D.(s) that classify it are/is...

C.D. 19 & CD 21 for both the B-cell and plasma cell