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sport and racism
contains elements that can help dismantle racism, but aspects of physical culture are structured by and contribute to damaging racial stereotypes and systemic inequities
define race
fluid social construction to classify and group individuals based on shared phenotypical traits
what is racialization
a group or individual being ascribed a “race” and thus granted characteristics perceived to be associated with that race
what is the race based heiarchy
white have historically gained advantages over blacks, indigenous, or other non white ethnicities, it shapes peoples lives and experiences, even with sport and physical culture
what is ethnicity
culturally based learned, experienced, and performed aspects of people’s behaviours
ethnic groups share common geographies, histories, practices, values usually derived from race based privilege or discrimination
sport is one cultural practice that serves to express ethnic
groups.
what is the jim crow laws
enforced racial discrimination and segregation in america in the late 19th and early 20th century
sport and physical culture
sport has been one of the only sites where black americans were granted bodily freedom
what is the negro league
an all black baseball league because of race based exclusions from mainstream sporting leagues and institution, so black americans formed their own
when was the negro league formed
Feb 13, 1920
who formed the negro league
andrew “rube” foster, and other team owners
what was the main impact of the NNL
a platform for black players to showcase their talent, laid foundation for other leagues and events for black baseball
what is the legacy of the NNL
lead to jackie robinson breaking MLB colour barrier in 1947, and many other black players to continue to do so in baseball
when did jackie robinson have his MLB debut and with who
april 15, 1947, for the brooklyn dodgers
what was jackie robinsons legacy
faced lots of racial discrimination from fans despit his athleticness, enduring jim crow laws
he broke the colour barrier in baseball despite this and after retitring continured on to lead civil rights causes until he died on october 24, 1972
left a legacy as a pioneer for racial equality in sports and society
who created the 4 types of racism
ibram kendi, 2019
what is biological racism
races are meaningfully different in their biology and these differences create a hierarchy of value
example of bio. racism
myth that blacks are athletically superior, and intellecually infereior, which was reinforced in sport
what is bodily racism
the harmful and dehumanizing perceptions of racialized bodies based on negative racial stereotypes
examples of bodily racism
black athletes represented in their physical aspects, deemed to be freak thletes, violent players, etc
what is cultural racism
a cultural standard and imposing cultural heirarchy among racial groups, attributing racial inequalities to perceived deficiencies in cultural values or traditions
examples of cultural racism
sports leagues have subjectve traditional or professional standards based on white and westerncentric values, eg. 2005 NBA dresscode
what is spatial racism
racist policies that lead to resource inequity between racialized spaces, sustained by racist ideas about racialized spaces
examples of spatial racism
who is seen to ‘belong’ in certain spaces can be apparent in physical culture with things like golf courses, ski resorts, etc
apartheid in south africa
apartheid and sport
government enforced strict racial segregation policies extending to sports, separate leagues, facilities, etc
IOC banned south africa from participating in or hosting events
protests across the globe to push south africa to end apartheid
sporting events were symbolic as forms of resistance against apartheid, they werent allowed in the 1964 tokyo olympics
after apartheid ended their sporting landscape changed a lot, new policies came out to promote equal opportunities in sports
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