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What are agricultural landscapes?
Farming interactions with natural environment.
Define shifting cultivation.
Farming land until infertile, then moving.
Where is shifting cultivation common?
Peripheral/semi-peripheral countries, subsistence.
What is an agroecosystem?
Ecosystem modified for agricultural use.
What is slash and burn farming?
Clearing land by burning vegetation.
What are the effects of slash and burn?
Deforestation, soil erosion.
What is terracing?
Carving hills into level growing plots.
What does terracing prevent?
Runoff, mudslides.
What is irrigation?
Supplementing rainfall with water sources.
What are reservoirs?
Artificial lakes for water storage.
What are aquifers?
Underground water-bearing rock layers.
What are wetlands?
Land saturated with water (swamps, marshes).
What is pastoral nomadism?
Herding animals, moving for grazing.
What is desertification?
Soil degradation to desert-like conditions.
What is land cover change?
Alteration of the land's surface.
What is soil salinization?
Salt buildup in soil from evaporation.
What is conservation in agriculture?
Protection of natural resources.
What are debt-for-nature swaps?
Debt forgiveness for conservation investment.
What is the focus of commercial farming conservation?
Reducing environmental effects like pollution.
What is the focus of subsistence farming conservation?
Soil fertility, preventing erosion.
What are societal consequences of agriculture?
Diet, women's roles, economic effects.
What are GMOs?
Genetically modified organisms.
What is biotechnology?
Science of altering organisms genetically.
What is agricultural biodiversity?
Variety of plants, animals for agriculture.
What is aquaculture?
Fish farming in controlled environments.
What are local food movements?
Connecting local food producers and consumers.
What is organic farming?
Farming using natural fertilizers, plant products.
What are fair trade crops?
Crops that support grower sustainability.
What are value-added crops?
Crops transformed into more valuable products.
What are dietary shifts?
Changes in food consumption patterns.
What is food security?
Reliable access to safe, nutritious food.
What is food insecurity?
Disruption of food intake due to poor access.
What is suburbanization?
Population shift from cities to suburbs.
What are food deserts?
Areas lacking access to healthy foods.
What is economy of scale?
Reduced production costs with increased quantity.
What are government subsidies?
Financial benefits given to farmers.
What are the roles of women in agriculture?
Varies globally, from subsistence to decision-making.
What is a key challenge for women in agriculture?
Lack of land rights.
What are CSA's?
Community supported agriculture.
What is the USMCA?
Trade agreement between US, Mexico, Canada.
What is runoff?
Water flow from farm containing chemicals.
What is deforestation?
Loss of forest lands.
What is groundwater saturation?
Land unable to absorb water.
What is habitat loss?
Loss of organisms' living space.
What is soil erosion?
Wearing away of topsoil.
What is a famine?
Extreme scarcity of food.
What is overgrazing?
Excessive grazing that harms land.
What is biodiversity?
Variety of organisms in a location.
What is land degradation?
Long-term damage to soil's ability.
What is a food choice movement?
Movements focused on healthy and sustainable food.
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