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Huguenots French Protestants

Edict of Nantes document that granted religious freedom to the Huguenots (protestants) Divine Right Belief that a rulers authority comes directly from god

english civil war who: roundheads v cavaliers

why: to determine whether parliament or king should have more power

outcome: roundheads win, cromwell takes charge, charles sentenced to death

oliver cromwell puritan general who fought and won in english civil war (roundhead, supported parliament)

executed charles I

established republican government, but was actually a military dictatorship

glorious revolution the overthrow of King James II of England

William of orange and Mary stuart rule

peaceful power shift

parliament \> king

absolutism A political system in which a ruler holds total power

louis XIV the sun king

had palace of versailles

absolutist leader of France

War of Spanish Succession who: Spain and France with England flipping sides

why: charles II of spain died with no heir and declared louis XIV's grandson king of spain outcome: englad gains power, french and spanish thrones not allowed to be united

geocentric Earth is the center of the Universe

Catholic church

heliocentric Sun is the center of the universe

Copernicus

scientific method Bacon: inductive reasoning

Decartes: deductive reasoning

laissez faire Idea that government should play as small a role as possible in economic affairs social contract Rousseau

follows general will of public

Majority of the population should make decisions

Copernicus Said the sun was the center of the universe

wrote book that was ignored by church

Galileo IMPROVED the telescope

Was punished because he proved that heliocentric theory was true with observable evidence (telescope)

Bacon inductive reasoning (specific to general)

Descartes "I think therefore I am"

deductive reasoning

Thomas Hobbes says you're born evil

"life is nasty brutish short"

says people cant revolt against govt.

strictly enforce law

John Locke people are whatever you teach them to be

life, liberty, property

don't need to strictly enforce laws

"Tabla Rasa"

Rousseau social contract, general will

Adam Smith laissez-faire

Capitalism

"Wealth of Nations" book

Voltaire equality under law

freedom of speech

criticizing govt is good

Montesquieu Separation of powers

checks and balances

first estate .5% of population

collect 10% tithe

not taxed

upper and lower clergy

second estate 1.5% of pop

own 30% of land

No tax

Privileges like govt. positions

third estate 97% of pop

no rights/no representation

own no land

Bastilleprison in paris

French Revolution began when National Assembly stormed it in 1789 Louis XVI absolute ruler of France before the French Revolution overthrown

Napoleon consul --\> emperor

repaired relationship with church

invited emigre to return

Napoleonic code

defeated at Waterloo

died on St. Helena

Robespierre led Reign of Terror

was eventually executed

Napoleonic Code preserved the gains of revolutions

Gave men freedom

Reign of Terror Robespierre

designed to purge revolution of disloyal people

Bourgeoisie middle class

10% of 3rd estate

educated, wealthy, enlightenment education

Battle of Waterloo who: France v England + Prussia

why: Napoleon hoped for a quick victory

outcome: Napoleon's final defeat after he was imprisoned and died on St. Helena

guillotine A machine for beheading people, used as a means of execution during the French Revolution.

invasion of russia why: Czar Alexander wanted to trade with Britain but couldn't because of continental system

Napoleon invaded russia

Russia used scorched earth tactic

outcome: Napoleon retreated

continental system Napoleon's policy of forbidding areas under French control and their allies from trading with Britain

Unsuccessful: damaged British economy and also Europe's

conscription A military draft

July 14, 1789 Storming of the Bastille

Start of the French Revolution

conservatism favorofnochangeorslowchange

liberalism emphasizes change

principle of intervention conservatives agreed they had a duty to stop liberalism and invade other countries to do so

Congress of Vienna europe meeting to decide what to do after napoleon died

outcome: they decided to reset europe borders and leaders to pre-napoleon

concert of europe Metternich

alliances that assured nations would help each other if revolution broke out