Warren Courts

Baker v. Carr (1962) & Reynolds v. Sims (1964)

both dealt with electoral districts within states.

Mapp v. Ohio (1961).

State courts cannot use evidence obtained in a way that violates the U.S. Constitution.

Gideon v. Wainwright (1963)

Defendants in state courts have the right to a lawyer, regardless of their ability to pay.

Escobedo v. Illinois (1964)

Suspects must have access to a lawyer and be informed of their right to remain silent before police questioning.

Miranda v. Arizona (1966)

Suspects must be informed they have the right to remain silent; anything they say can and will be used against them in court; they have a right to a lawyer; and if they cannot afford a lawyer, the court will appoint one for them = “Miranda rights.”

Engel v. Vitale (1962) & Abington School District v. Schempp (1963)

dealt with religion in public schools

Griswold v. Connecticut (1965)

States cannot prohibit the sale and use of birth control.