Cell Cycle Unit - Honors Biology Grade 9

What do cells divide for?

reproduction

What is the reproduction of unicellular organisms?

mitosis

What is another name for mitosis?

binary fission

What is another name for meiosis?

gamete formation

What does surface area:volume ratio put a constraint on?

cell's size

What are the first three steps of the cell cycle called?

interphase/growth phase

What is the first phase of the interphase called?

G1 phase/gap1 phase

What is G1 phase for?

first growth phase (cell becomes adult size)

What is the second phase of interphase?

S phase

What is the S phase for?

DNA synthesis/duplicationW

What does the "S" is S phase stand for?

synthesis

What is the third phase of the interphase?

G2 phase/gap2 phase

What is G2 phase for?

second growth phase

What are the two last phases of the cell cycle called?

division phase

What is the first step of division phase?

mitosis

What is another name for nuclear division?

karyokinesis

What is the second and last step in the division phase?

cytokinesis

What does cytokinesis do?

division of cytoplasm

The purpose of the interphase is to ____ cell contents.

duplicate

The interphase is __% of the growth cycle.

90

The purpose of mitosis is to ____ ____ material into exactly __ ____ ____

divide/genetic/2/identical/halves

The purpose of cytokinesis is to ____ all ____ ____ of cell (except for nucleus) into __ ____.

divide/other/contents/2/cells

Where is checkpoint 1?

after G1 phase

What is the choice of mature cell doing its job called?

G0

At checkpoint 1 what is decided?

if cell will continue with cell division or proceed to continue its life as an adult

What is the decision of whether if cell will continue with cell division or proceed to continue its life as an adult called?

point of no return/restriction point

When does checkpoint 2 happen?

beginning of G2 phase

Centrioles ____ and ____ ____ ____ to help with cell division during G2 phase. More ____ is also generated to aid in the cell division process.

organize/create/spindle/fibers/energy

What phase includes mitosis and cytokinesis?

M phase

What is left after cell division?

2 cells with the same amount of DNA, but 1/2 the amount of cytoplasm

Cell division happens when cells need to ____ ____ cells. This choice is based on the ____.

replace/dead/environment

What is the non-coding nucleotides that protect the ends of the chromosomes called?

telomeres

What is the name of the protein at the centromere of a chromosome to which microtubules attach?

kinetochore

What are the microtubules that connect to the kinetochore called?

spindle fibers

What is the name for body cells (skin, muscle, etc.)

somatic cells

What is the name for sex cells?

gametes cells

What are the two types of sex cells?

sperm (male) and ovum (female)

How many sets of chromosomes does a somatic cell have?

2

How many sets of chromosomes does a gametes cell have?

1

What is the number of sets of chromosomes called?

ploidy

What is one set of chromosomes called? (n)

haploid

What is two sets of chromosomes called? (2n)

diploid

What is three sets of chromosomes called? (3n)

triploid

What is more than three sets of chromosomes called?

polyploid

____ number in a set is ____ for each species.

chromosome/different

What type of cell division is used for asexual reproduction?

mitosis

What type of cells are used in mitosis?

somatic cells

What type of cell division is used for sexual reproduction?

meiosis

What types of cells are used for meiosis?

specific reproductive cells

What is the aim of mitosis?

to form 2 identical cells that are exact copies of the parent cell

DNA is ____ to be copied ____ in mitosis.

required/exactly

What is the abbreviation used to help remember the steps of mitosis?

pmat

What is the first phase of mitosis?

prophase

In the prophase, the nuclear membrane of the cell is ____ ____ to allow ____ to get through to the ____.

not/whole/centrioles/chromosomes

What is the second step of mitosis called?

metaphase

In the metaphase, the chromosomes line up at the ____/____ ____ of the cell and ____ ____ connect to ____ side(s) of the chromosomes.

equator/metaphase/plate/spindle/fibers/both

What is the third step of mitosis?

anaphase

In the anaphase, ____ ____ are ____ ____ by ____ and therefore ____ ____ the ____ apart.

spindle/fibers/broken/down/enzymes/shrink/pulling/chromosomes

What is attached to the spindle fibers during the anaphase after the spindle fibers shrink?

single stranded chromosomes

What is the last step of mitosis?

telophase

In the telophase, there are ____ separate ____ with an ____ amount of ____ ____ ____ in each so now the ____ starts to also divide.

2/nucleuses/equal/single/stranded/chromosomes/cytoplasm

What is the part where the cytoplasm starts to divide called?

cleavage furrow

What is telophase part of?

cytokinesis

What takes place in reproductive cells/organs?

meiosis

What are two reproductive organs?

ovaries and testes

What does meiosis do to the number of chromosomes?

halves the number

What kind of reproduction is meiosis?

sexual reproduction

Meiosis is ___ ____ ____.

2/successive/divisions

How many cells does meiosis create?

4

What kind of cell is the product of meiosis?

gamete cells

What are the two gamete cells?

sperm and ovum

What is a chromosome with a strand from each parent called?

homologous chromosome

What is 4 strand of DNA (2 homologous chromosomes) called?

tetrad

What is it called when the sister chromatids of two homologous chromosomes tangle up, break, and rejoin?

crossing over

What is the area where the sister chromatids tangle up called?

chiasmata

What does crossing over create?

a greater variety

What is the process of homologous chromosomes moving together to form a tetrad called?

synapsis

What is the first cell of an organism called?

zygote

What is the product of meiosis 1?

2 cells with double-stranded chromosomes

What is the product of meiosis 2?

4 cells with half of the amount of chromosomes (single-stranded)

What is the formation of gamete cells called?

gametogenesis

What is the formation of sperm cells called?

spermatogenesis

What is the formation of ovum cells called?

oogenesis

What is the cell that spermatogenesis starts with?

spermatocyte

How many sets of chromosomes does spermatocyte have?

2

Where are spermatocytes found?

testes

What is the product when 1 2n spermatocyte undergoes meiosis I?

2 n cells

What is the product when 2 n cells undergo meiosis II?

4 n spermatid cells

What is the product when 4 n spermatids undergo spermiogenesis?

4 sperm cells

What is the last step of spermatogenesis called?

spermiogenesis

What is the cell called that oogenesis starts with?

oocyte

How many sets of chromosomes does an oocyte have?

2

Where is are oocyte cells found?

ovaries

What is the product when 1 large 2n oocyte undergoes meiosis I?

1 large n cell and 1 small n cell

What is the product when 1 large n cell undergoes meiosis II?

1 large n ovum cell and 1 small n cell

What are the small n cells called that are the result of oogenesis?

polar bodies

Are polar bodies used for anything in animals?

no

Are polar bodies used for anything in plants?

yes

The ____ of the ____ cell enters the ____ and they ____ and form a ____.

head/sperm/ovum/fuse/zygote

An ____ cell is ____ in size to make ____ for more ____.

ovum/larger/space/mitochondria