Fungi + Infections - Part 1

Eu, obligate, external

Fungi are

• __karyotic cells and __ anaerobes

• Require __ nutrient acquisition - degrade organic matter

Yeast, mold, hyphae, mycelium

Fungi can grow as

• __: Single cells, asexual budding

• __: Multicellular filaments (__-branch) that form visible structure (__-tree)

Septate hyphae, pseodohyphae

Fungi variants

• __ __: Visible structures that divide individual cells of mycelium from one another

• __: Balloon animal looking fungi

Dimorphic

Temperature-dependent growth changes between mold and yeast; swap from one to another

25, environment, 37, host tissue

Most fungi are: 

• Filamentous mold at __ C (in the ___)

• Single celled yeast at __ C (in the ___)

Budding, sporulation, fusion, nutrient, budding

Fungal reproduction is via

• (a) Asexual - __, fragmentation, and __

  • Spores = fragile seeds of fungi

• (b) Sexual - __ of spores or hyphae → triggered by stress and __ depletion

• (c) Most yeast reproduce via __

Ergosterol, chitin, glucans, polysaccharides

Fungal cell membrane characteristics

• Cell membrane = __

• Inner cell wall

  • __: Adds rigidity via N-acetylglucosamine chains

  • __: Glucose polymers

• Outer cell wall

  • mannoprotein __, fungal proteins

Skin, breech, sex

Mycoses = Fungal diseases

• Routes of entry - Direct __ colonization, barrier __ (__, environment), inhalation, ingestion

  • For General mycoses

Superficial, opportunistic, healthy

Mycoses (in general)

• Commonly causing __ infections; Many pathogenic fungi are __

  • NOT causing disease in __ individuals most of time

PRRs, extracellular trap, granuloma

Innate Immune Defense Against Fungi

• ____: Identify pathogen-associated molecular patterns (fungal cell wall components)

• Neutrophil __ __ formation

• Macrophage __ formation

Th1, E, mold

Adaptive Immune Defense Against Fungi

• __ help form granuloma

• Ig_-mediated allergic response to __

Fungal, bronchial, E

Allergic Bronchopulmonary Aspergillosis (ABA)

• Allergic responses to __ pathogens

• Colonized with fungus along __ wall

• Some people develop Ig_ response → Allergic to fungi that are colonizing

potassium hydroxide (KOH)

General Microscopic examination for mycoses = ____ (chemical) and branch patterns

Agricultural, climate, compromised, suppressed

Mycoses Prevalence

• __ antifungals give fungi multi-drug resistance

• __ change increases distribution

• Opportunistic Fungal Infection is primarily in immuno__/immuno__

Yeast, polymorphic, budding, flora, mycosis

Candida albicans and candidozyma auris

• Opportunistic __ pathogen → __ (fungal property)

• Round/oval yeast; Reproduces via __

• Endogenous transmission as present in normal human __

• Most causative agent of __ in adults and children

Pseudohyphae, hyphae, di

Candida albicans and candidozyma auris

• Transition from yeast to __ and __ during invasive infection

• NOT __morphic

Hospital, dysbiosis, heat, disinfectants, hyphal, biofilm, auris

Pathogenesis of Candida albicans

• Risk factors - Immunocompromised, patients in __s (location), microbial __ (disease stage)

• Virulence factors

  • Resistant to __, common __

  • __ tissue invasions

  • __ formation via medical implants

  • C __ has high levels of antifungal resistance

Mucocutaneous, intertrigo, thrush, diaper, esophag

__ candidiasis is flora overgrowth on moist skin

• __: Infection of skin folds

• Presentation - __, yeast infection and __ rash, __itis

Candidemia, yellowish, viscera, systemic

__ (of candida albicans) means fungus in blood

• Sx - Fevers, chills, __ (color)-itchy rash

• Hematogenous dissemination to __ = rash

• __ infections following - Endocarditis, osteomyelitis, eye, kidney, lungs, brain, liver, spleen

pseudohyphae, hyphae, azol resistant, prophylactic

Diagnosis and Treatment of Candida Albicans

• Dx - Visualize budding yeast (+__ and__ in invasive infection)

• Blood culture for invasive candidiasis - has low sensitivity

• Tx - No vaccine, antifungal drugs (candida auris are __ __)

  • __ antifungals for at-risk groups

Mold, sporulation, septate hyphae

Aspergillus fumigatus

• Opportunistic __

• Multiplies via __

• Narrow-angled dichotomous branching __ __

Spores, blood, steroids

Pathogenesis of Aspergillus fumigatus

• Transmission - Inhalation of __ (fumigatus in name = fumes)

• At risk - Immunocompromised via __ disease, lung/liver disease, use of __, transplant, neutropenia

Azol-resistance, respiratory, CNS, aspergilloma, 50-100

Invasive Aspergillosis

• Virulence factors - Rising __-__ to antifungals

• Presentation - Primarily in __ tract, dissemination to __

  • __: Fungal growth as a ball forms cavity

  • __-__% mortality

Azol, X-ray, CT, septate hyphae, antigen, prophylactic

Diagnosis and Treatment for Aspergillus fumigatus 

• Dx - Check for __ resistance regardless of patient use

  • Fungal mass on __ or __ (imaging)

  • Narrow-angled dichotomous branching __ __

  • Galactomannan test (cell wall __)

• Tx - No vaccine; __ antifungals for at-risk

Yeast, encapsulated, soil, birds, vegetation, wood

Cryptococcus neoformans

• Opportunistic __ pathogen

• __ (virulent) unicellular yeast

• Distribution - In __ with the __(animals), in rotting __ or __

Phagocytosis, melanin, size

Cryptococcus neoformans virulence

• Encapsulated unicellular yeast - Helps to avoid __ from immune cells

  • Cell wall contains __ (antioxidant); Cells can change __ during infection

spores, environment, AIDS

Pathogenesis of Cryptococcus neoformans

• Transmission - NO human-to-human transmission; inhalation of fungal __ from __ is mechanism of spread

• At risk - Patients with __, steroid treatment and transplant

Cryptococcosis, Cryptococcemia, Cryptococcal Meningitis

Cryptococcus pathology (3)

• __ is Fungal masses in lungs

• __ is Spread to blood

• __ __ is Spread to CNS

Encapsulated, 40-60, prophylactic

Diagnosis and Treatment of Cryptococcus neoformans

• Dx - Stain for __ (feature) polysach. of this yeast

• Tx - Mortality is __-__% with antifungals

  • No vaccine; __ antifungals for at-risk groups

Candida, Aspergillus, Cryptococcus

Opportunistic Mycoses from this lecture

• Opportunistic yeast and polymorphic, azol resistant =

• Opportunistic mold with spores, azol resistant =

• Opportunistic yeast that is encapsulated =