Ultimate Guide (IB) - History (HL)

Genghis Khan

Born as Temüjin in 1162, he was a military genius who united the Mongol tribes and established the largest contiguous empire in history.

Nomadic Traditions

The practices and lifestyles of groups that move frequently, which shaped Genghis Khan's resilience and adaptability as a leader.

Pax Mongolica

The period of relative peace and stability established by the Mongol Empire, which facilitated trade across Eurasia.

Kurultai

A grand assembly of Mongol tribes that recognized Genghis Khan as the 'Universal Ruler' in 1206.

Military Prowess

The exceptional skill and capability exhibited by Genghis Khan and his army during their conquests.

Strategic Alliances

Crucial partnerships formed by Genghis Khan through marriages and diplomacy to consolidate power and expand the Mongol Empire.

Siege Warfare Techniques

Methods employed by Genghis Khan's forces to effectively conquer fortified cities during military campaigns.

Feigned Retreat Tactic

A deceptive military maneuver used by Genghis Khan to confuse and defeat larger enemy forces by pretending to retreat.

Mongol Bow

A highly advanced long-range weapon used by Mongol archers, granting them superior combat ability.

Unification of Mongol Tribes

The monumental achievement of Genghis Khan in bringing together traditionally independent Mongol tribes under a single banner.

Atahualpa

The last Sapa Inca of the Inca Empire before its conquest by Pizarro, captured and executed by the Spanish.

Mansa Musa

Emperor of the Mali Empire known for his wealth, pilgrimage to Mecca, and making Timbuktu a center for learning.

Sundiata Keita

The founder of the Mali Empire who secured its establishment and expanded its influence in West Africa.

Islamic Golden Age

A period of cultural, economic, and scientific flourishing in the history of Islam, typically dated from the 8th century to the 14th century.

Tanzimat Reforms

A series of governmental reforms in the Ottoman Empire during the 19th century aimed at modernization and centralization.

Independence Movements

Movements across various regions aimed at ending colonial rule and achieving self-governance, particularly in the 20th century.

Apartheid

A legal system in South Africa enforced from 1948 to 1994 that institutionalized racial segregation and discrimination.

McMahon–Hussein Correspondence

A series of letters exchanged during World War I in which the British promised support for Arab independence.

Sykes-Picot Agreement

A secret agreement between Britain and France that outlined the division of oil-rich Ottoman territories in the Middle East after World War I.

Berlin Conference

A series of meetings in the late 19th century during which European powers divided Africa into colonies without consideration for indigenous populations.

Rwandan Genocide

A mass slaughter of Tutsi in Rwanda during 1994, which resulted in the deaths of approximately 800,000 people.

Cold War

The period of geopolitical tension between the Soviet Union and the United States from the end of World War II until the early 1990s.

Proxy Wars

Conflicts where two opposing countries support combatants that serve their interests instead of waging war directly against each other.

Islamic Caliphate

A form of Islamic government led by a caliph, who is considered the political and religious successor to the Prophet Muhammad.

Social Darwinism

A theory of society that applies the concept of natural selection to social, political, and economic issues.