Hegel 3

According to Hegel, who did he see as a prime example of a 'world-historical individual'?

Napoleon Bonaparte, whom he saw embodying the spirit of the age.

What is Hegel's term for people who embody the spirit of an age, whose private wills align with the ineluctable movement of history?

World-historical individuals.

Hegel's philosophy presents the metamorphoses of the _ from the beginning of history to modern times.

Spirit of the World (Weltgeist).

In Hegel's 'Phenomenology of Spirit', what is the ultimate realm of mind that follows stages like consciousness, reason, and religion?

Absolute Knowledge.

What are the three historical modes Hegel identified in areas like politics, religion, and art?

The primitive oriental mode, the intermediate classic mode, and the modern mode.

In Hegel's view of political evolution, how did he characterize the 'oriental world'?

As a despotism where only one man, the emperor, was free.

According to Hegel, the democracy and aristocracy of Greece and Rome represented a stage where a _ could be free.

whole class of people

In what Hegel called the 'German World', what was the ultimate political state he foresaw?

A state where all men could be free as mutual participants under law and an enlightened monarch.

How did Hegel connect the religions of the Orient (China and India) to their despotic politics?

He saw them as spiritually coherent, with ancestor worship in China and quietistic escape in India.

In Hegel's progression, what stage of religion followed the oriental faiths?

The Greek religion, which found a balance between substance and spirit.

How did Hegel characterize Christianity in his religious progression?

As the religion of the modern world that tips the balance from substance toward spirit.

What are the three components of Hegel's 'transcendental dialectic'?

Thesis, antithesis, and synthesis.

In Hegel's dialectic, an aspect of life abstracted from nature and made absolute is called the _.

thesis

What is the role of the antithesis in Hegel's dialectic?

It is the 'Other' that the thesis calls into being, which it negates and which in turn negates it.

In Hegel's dialectic, what resolves the conflict between the thesis and antithesis?

A higher transcendent being or concept called the synthesis.

How did Hegel contrast his view of art's purpose with Kant's aesthetic theory?

Hegel rejected Kant's insistence on the purposelessness of art, arguing it was supremely useful to man.

What was Hegel's fundamental critique of Plato's view of art?

He disagreed that art was deceptive, arguing instead that it frees the true meaning of appearances from the transient world.

What is Hegel's core definition of art, relating it to ideas and senses?

Art is 'the sensuous form of the idea.'

According to Hegel, artistic beauty is higher than natural beauty because it is born of the _.

spirit

Hegel believed art fulfills its highest task when it joins the same sphere as _ and _ .

religion and philosophy

According to Hegel, what does art free 'the true meaning of appearances' from?

From 'the show and deception of this bad and transient world.'

Hegel believed that eventually, in the final stage of human evolution, art would be superseded by what?

The more direct apprehension of ideas through philosophy.

What are the three major historical forms of art identified by Hegel?

Symbolic, classic, and romantic art.

Term: Symbolic Art (Hegel)

The art of the oriental world where substance is abundant but the spiritual idea has not yet found its adequate form, leading to the sublime or grotesque.

In Symbolic art, why does the relationship between the spiritual idea and objective reality become negative?

Because the two elements are incongruous, with the spiritual idea finding natural shapes inadequate to express its essence.

Term: Classical Art (Hegel)

The art form, typical of the Greeks, where substance and spirit exist in full harmony, and the spiritual idea finds its adequate embodiment.

In which art form did Hegel believe the ideal was first completely realized as a fact in the world?

Classical art.

According to Hegel, what is the most suitable sensuous form for the spiritual idea in classical art?

The human form.

What is the primary limitation or defect of classical art, according to Hegel?

It is limited to the contemplation of the merely human, as the Spirit it portrays is not the absolute and eternal Spirit.

Term: Romantic Art (Hegel)

The art form where the unity of idea and form is destroyed because the spiritual content transcends the ability of the sensuous form to express it.

In romantic art, the spirit outruns _, giving a sense of meaning that extends beyond matter.

substance

What is the primary content of romantic art, according to Hegel?

The inner world of feeling, the heart, and the free, concrete, spiritual idea itself revealed to the inner eye.

How does romantic art's use of external form differ from that of classical art?

The external form becomes insignificant and transient, surrendered to accident and the imagination, rather than being in perfect harmony with the idea.

Which of the three major art forms is characterized by the spirit struggling to find an adequate form in matter?

Symbolic art.

Which of the three major art forms is characterized by a perfect harmony between spirit and sensuous form?

Classical art.

Which of the three major art forms is characterized by the spirit transcending and being too great for its sensuous form?

Romantic art.

What is the first and most massively physical of the particular arts in Hegel's classification?

Architecture.

Hegel states that the fundamental type of architecture is the _ form of art.

symbolical

What is the primary task of architecture, according to Hegel?

To shape external inorganic nature into an artistic outer world homogeneous with mind, such as by building a temple.

Which particular art form has the classical form as its fundamental type?

Sculpture.

What is the primary task of sculpture in Hegel's system?

To represent the spirit in its bodily frame, in immediate unity with it, and in an attitude of peace and repose.

Why is sculpture considered the ideal classical art form?

Because in it, the spiritual element completely abides with the sensuous form, and neither predominates.

What three particular arts does Hegel classify as belonging to the romantic type?

Painting, music, and poetry.

In Hegel's hierarchy, which art form is the first of the romantic arts and is akin to sculpture?

Painting.

What is the specific material or medium of painting, according to Hegel?

Visibility as such, specified as color.

How does painting free art from the 'sensuous completeness in space' found in sculpture?

By confining itself to a plane surface.

Which romantic art form advances to a deeper subjectivity by 'negating space' and idealizing it into a single, temporal point?

Music.

The medium for music, according to Hegel, is _, which he describes as 'the sensuous acknowledged as ideal'.

sound

In Hegel's system, which art form serves as the center of the romantic arts and a transition between painting and poetry?

Music.

What does Hegel consider the third and most spiritual expression of romantic art?

Poetry.

How does poetry subjugate the sensuous element more completely than music or painting?

It uses sound not as a feeling itself, but as a meaningless sign or symbol for an idea.

Hegel describes poetry as the _ art of the spirit, which has attained inner freedom.

universal

According to Hegel, in its highest phase, art oversteps its own bounds and passes from the poetry of imagination into the _.

prose of thought

In Hegel's summary, symbolic art finds its most adequate reality in _.

architecture

In Hegel's summary, the classical form of art attains its most complete realization in _.

sculpture

In Hegel's summary, the romantic type of art seizes upon _, _, and _ as its essential modes of expression.

painting, music, and poetry

Hegel classified poetic forms, viewing _ as the most objective and as _the most subjective.

epic; lyric

What poetic form did Hegel see as the synthesis of the objective and subjective poetic arts?

Drama.

Like Aristotle, Hegel regarded _ as the highest of the arts.

tragedy

Why did Hegel consider tragedy the highest art form?

Because at its best, the tragic conflict could be viewed as a battle for primacy between two ideas, an example of spiritual evolution.

What is the first requirement for the content of art, according to Hegel?

The content must be worthy of artistic representation.

What is the second requirement for the content of art, according to Hegel?

It shall not be an abstraction, but must be concrete.

What is the third requirement for the sensuous form that represents art's content, according to Hegel?

The sensuous form must also be something individual, completely concrete, and one.

Hegel argues that a defective work of art is not always due to the artist's incapacity, but can also have its root in _.

defectiveness of content

In what stage of art, according to Hegel, are the idea and its representation in perfect congruity?

The highest art.

According to Hegel, the development of art has two sides: a spiritual/universal one and one that determines the definite modes of expression, which constitute the _.

particular arts

Hegel viewed the art of the Chinese, Indians, and Egyptians as imperfect because their _ were vague and obscure.

mythological ideas (the content and conception of their works)

In Hegel's view of the Christian God, what makes him a concrete subject for art, unlike the abstract God of Judaism or Turkish belief?

He is conceived as a person, a subject, and more precisely as Spirit, appearing as a Trinity of persons which is also One.

According to Hegel, the work of art is not unconsciously self-immersed like a flower, but is essentially a question or an address to the _.

responsive soul