The 4 Major Macromolecules (Carbohydrates, Lipids, Proteins, Nucleic Acids) + Biology Basics

Elements of Carbohydrate

Carbon (C)

Hydrogen (H)

Oxygen (O)

Building Blocks of Carbohydrates

Monosaccharides (simple sugar) - disaccharides polysaccharides

Elements of Lipids

Carbon (C)

Hydrogen (H)

Oxygen (O)

May contain: Phosphorus (phospholipid), Nitrogen (N), and Sulfur (S

Building blocks of Lipids

Fatty acids and glycerol

Elements of Proteins

Carbon (C)

Hydrogen (H)

Oxygen (O)

Nitrogen (N)

May Contain: Sulfur (S), Phosphorus (P)

Building blocks of Proteins/Amino Acid

Amino Acids are the building blocks of proteins

Central Carbon Atom: Can make 4 bonds and is the core

Amino Group (NH2): Gives an amino acid its basic properties

Carboxyl Group (COOH): Acidic group which gives acidic properties

Hydrogen (H): Single H attached to core

R-Group: Unique part that determines its chemical properties and function

Functional groups in proteins include

Amino Group

Carboxyl group (COOH)

Order of amino acids determines...

Shape and function

What bonds are present in amino acids?

Hydrogen bonds

What bonds link amino acids?

Peptide Bonds (dehydration synthesis creates an H2O)

Amino acid (hydrogen bond) - Peptide bonds - Protein (polypeptide)

Protein order

Amino acid - Peptide/covalent bonds - hydrogen bonds - carbon/amino groups - sheets - R groups - disulfide bonds - ionic -hydrogen - van Der waals

Structure levels in proteins

Primary - Peptide Chain

Secondary - Alpha Helix, Beta Sheet

Tertiary - 3D shapes a polypeptide chain (interaction between polar/nonpolar R groups)

Quaternary - Two or more polypeptide chains

How many different amino acids are there?

20

Elements of Nucleic Acids

Carbon (C)

Hydrogen (H)

Oxygen (O)

Nitrogen (N)

Phosphorus (P)

Building blocks of Nucleic acids

Nucleotides - Nucleic Acids

5-carbon sugar: Deoxyribose in DNA or ribose in RNA

Phosphate group

Nitrogenous base

Nucleic Acid Bases (DNA vs. RNA)

DNA: A-T C-G

RNA: A-U C-G

Purines VS. Pyrimidines

Purine: Double ring with 2 hydrogen bonds (Adenine and Guanine)

Pyrimidines: Single ring with 3 hydrogen bonds (Cytosine, Uracil, Thymine)

DNA function

DNA:

- Stores genetic information

- transmits genetic information

What bonds form nucleotides?

Phosphodiester bonds (think of phosphate group)

DNA strands have what type of arrangement?

Directionality Polarity (5'-3' and 3'-5')

DNA Synthesis

Nucleotide with 3 phosphate groups (nucleotide triphosphate) joins a growing chain

Structure of DNA

Double Helix (two chains) stands are antiparallel

DNA vs RNA

DNA:

- Sugar is Deoxyribose

- Hydrogen (H) at 2'

- Double strand

- A-T C-G

- Longer

- Store/Transmit info

RNA:

- Sugar is Ribose

- Hydroxyl (OH) at 2'

- Single strand

- A-U C-G

- Shorter

- intermediate between DNA and protein

BOTH:

- Nucleic acids

- Directionality polarity

- Phosphodiester bonds

Central Dogma

Flow of info in a cell from DNA to RNA to

Protein

functional groups pg.68

Inductive Reasoning

Use results to create principles

Deductive Reasoning

Logical reasoning to predict results by using principles

Control Group

Every feature of the experimental group except except what is hypothesized

Variable (Independent/Dependent)

Part of the experiment that can vary or change

Theory

Tested and confirmed explanation for observations

Hypothesis

Suggested explanation for an event (can be tested)

Define Life

Order, Sensitivity, Response to stimuli, reproduction, adaptation, growth/development, homeostasis, energy processing, evolution

Order

Atom - Molecule - Cell - Cell organelle - Tissue - Organ - Organ system - Organisms - Population - Community - Ecosystem - Biome - Biosphere