Cold War Chapter 15

Cold War Dates

1945-1991

Cold War definition

an era of high tension, hostility, mutual suspicion, bitter rivalry and struggle for power between the Soviet Union and the United States following WW2

Causes of the Cold War

1. Feeling of Suspicion and distrust
2. The goal of the Soviet Union was to spread communism, wanted a buffer zone for protection
3. U.S secretly developed and atomic bomb without sharing information with the Soviet’s; arms race began, power rivalry developed
4. The efforts by the United States to resist Soviet expansion
5. Stalin refused to hold free elections in Eastern Europe following WW2
6. Differing political systems
7. Bi-Polarization of Europe: division between communists and free

Countries with Communists Governments were called…

Soviet Satellite States

How was Europe divided

Soviet and Eastern Bloc

Goal was to spread communism

U.S and Western Democracies

Goal: Containment of communism and eventual collapse of communist world

Capitalism

an economic system in which citizens own private property and are entitled to profit from it. Almost all natural resources, factories, mines, and land are owned by individuals or private firms. Owners keep the profits they earn

Communism

an economic system in which everything belongs to the state and should be run by the government on behalf of the people. The government owns everything, sets all prices, employs everyone and distributes all profits.

In 1946 who came to the United States to give a speech and where?

Former British Prime Minister, Winston Churchill gave a speech on March 5 at Westminster College in Fulton Missouri

Iron Curtain Definition

a sharp imaginary dividing line separating the communist Eastern Europe and free Capitalist's ’ Western Europe

How did the U.S respond to the speech

Containment-

A U.S policy to contain Soviet influence to those places where it already existed and prevent it from expanding

How would the U.S accomplish containment

Giving Economic Aid or military supplies in order to strengthen Countries who were threatened

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What two Counties were the first to get aid from the Truman Doctrine

Greece and Turkey Received $400 million in U.S aid to prevent them from falling to communists

Truman Doctrine

“U.S should Support free peoples throughout the world who are resisting takeovers by Soviet Union”

The United States must assist free peoples to work out their own destined in their own way

George Kennan

Soviet expert stationed in the American Embassy in the Soviet Union who sent a 8,000 word telegraph about the Soviet Union and Containment

What was the European Recovery Program

The Marshall Plan (1948-1951)

Who developed the Marshall plan?

Secretary of State George Marshall

rewarded the Nobel Peace Prize later

What was the Marshall Plan

a finical aid program to rebuild economies of European countries in order to create stable conditions for democratic governments

What was the total amount of aid?

$13.4 billion

How many countries received aid

17 different Countries in Western Europe

offered to Eastern Europe Soviets said no

What counties received the most aid?

Great Britain, France, and Italy

Results from Truman Doctrine

1. Communism in Western Countries was avoided
2. Economic recovery for the West
3. Helped the U.S economy because Countries were purchasing American goods
4. The U.S built strong political friendships with Eastern Europe
5. 5. The Soviet Unions refusal to participate in the Marshall Plan or allow it’s satellite states to accept economic assistance helped reinforce the growing division between the 2 countries

Four Countries who occupied Germany and Capital city Berlin

U.S, Great Britain, France, Soviet Union

What did Joseph Stalin do to the Blockade of Berlin

He ordered a Halt to all traffic going in and out of the part of Berlin Controlled, increased Armed patrols, turned back all vehicles, ships, trains, and cut electrical service

What were the two options the allies could do to deal with the Blockade?

1. Send Troops to open up paths
2. Send armed supply traps to fight to get to hungry Berliners
3. Give into Soviet Pressure, airlift

What did the U.S chose to do with the Soviet Blockade

They chose to airlift

What was the Berlin Airlift

70 small aircraft carrying 225 tons of supplies a day, planes took off and landed every three minutes around the clock, until May of 1949 when Soviet’s announced they would end the blockade

How many months did the airlift last

Almost 18 months

Were the Soviet’s Successful in taking berlin

No they were not

North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) 1949

After the trouble in Berlin, Westerners were concerned that war might break out or that western countries might negotiate with the Soviet Union to avoid war.

Great Britain Netherlands, Belgium, and Luxemburg joined together in a common defense, then joined U.S, Canada, Denmark, Iceland, Italy, Norway, and Portugal

Collective Security

all states cooperate collectively to provide security for all

Warsaw Pact (1955)

The Soviet Union came up with their own military alliance

Included Albania, Hungry, Bulgaria, East Germany, Poland, Romania, Czechoslovakia no longer exists today

The GI Bill

Servicemen’s readjustment act of 1944

What was the purpose of the GI Bill

to help vets make a smooth entry into civilian life

What does GI stand for

Government Issue was also stamped on soldier’s uniforms

Features of the GI Bill

1. Unemployment pay of $20 per week up to a year
2. Provided Money for college or job training
3. Loans for farms, homes, or businesses
4. Assistance in finding jobs

Baby Boom

A dramatic rise in the Birthrate occurred in the nest two decades after WW2

Baby Boomers were those born between 1946-1964 65 million babies were born

New Consumer Items

televisions, freezers, air conditioners, and much more

The baby boom did what to the economy

Created a boom in the economy shift from wartime to peacetime economy

Truman was committed to expanding opportunities for what group

African Americans

Executive Order #9981

Giving greater equal rights to African Americans by wiping out segregation in the Armed Forces

Election of 1948

Democrat: Harry Truman

Republican: Thomas Dewey governor of New York

Whistle Stop Campaign

whirlwind campaign across the country (by train) giving speech after speech

“The Truman Surprise”

Truman 49.6%

Dewey 45.1%

one of the most surprising outcomes in U.S history

Truman’s slogan on his desk

“the buck stops here”

Truman’s plan for the country

Fair Deal

Fair Deal did what

build on FDR promises and included people of color

NAACP

National Association for the Advancement of Colored People

United Nations

peace-keeping organization to prevent future wars and work for human rights in the world

Representatives of how many nations met to create the United Nations Charter

50 nations

What is a Charter

written agreement that outlines the goals and aims of an organization

When did the United Nations meet

June 1945

When was the charter ratified

October 1945

How many nations are current members of the United Nations

193 nations

Where is the United Nations headquarters

New York City on International territory

Who are the 5 permanent members of the United Nations

U.S, France, China, Great Britain, Russia

How long may a Secretary-General serve in that role?

2 terms 5 years each

What does the Secretary General do

Spokesman and leader of the United Nations and is appointed by the General Assembly after being recommended by the Security Council

Who is the Current Secretary-General

Antonio Guterres was Prime Minister of Portugal and first former head of government to be Secretary-General

Red Scare

Widespread fear of communism in the United States

What triggered the Red Scare

Soviet Union detonated their first Atomic bomb in August of 1949

Commuists took control of China

House Un-American Activities Committee (HUAC)

investigating and uprooting Facist and Communist supporters investigated all industries

What was the Hollywood Ten

10 Hollywood producers, directors, screenwriters were put on trail for spreading communist messages in film, sentenced to prision for contempt of Congress

What does it mean to be Blacklisted

People who were suspected off being communist and therefore could not find jobs in their chosen profession

Executive Order #9835

Truman’s loyalty program, created a plan to investigate all federal employees

Alger Hiss

A U.S government official who was accused of spying for the Soviets

Klaus Fuchs

a German-born physicist who worked on the Manhattan project was convicted f transmitting information on the development of the bomb to the Soviet Union included drawings

Greenglass

Ethels little brother confessed to providing nuclear secrets to Soviets, he testified against Julius and Ethel, since he cooperated he got 15 years in prison

Julius and Ethel Rosenberg

Julius was arrested on June 17, 1950

Ethel was arrested a few months later

convicted of passing top secret information about the atomic bomb to the Soviet Union

Both executed by electric chair in 1953

Senator Joseph McCarthy

U.S senator of Wisconsin and warned against the fears of communism

Made a name for himself by accusing numerous people and organizations of having communist learnings

McCarthyism

the name critics gave to Joseph McCarthy’s tactics of spreading fear and making baseless charges

What are some scares in America today?

Burning the flag

Kneeling for the Anthem

Korean War dates

1950-1953

What country ruled Korea until 1945

Japan who had taken it during WW2

Why did Japan have to give up Korea

Japan during WW2 had too surrender which meant an Allied victory and required Korea to be split and free from Japan

Since the U.S and Soviet Union shared in the liberation of Korea, it was divided by what

The 38th parallel line in 1948

What country supported North Korea

The Soviet Union with communism

What country supported South Korea

The U.S and they were free

Who was the leader of North Korea

Kim Il Sung

Who was the leader of South Korea

Syngman Rhee

What is the Capital of North Korea

Pyongyang

What is the Capital of South Korea

Seoul

Who initiated the war

North Korean troops crossed the 38th parallel line hoping to reunite all of Korea on June 25, 1950

Who was prepared to back the aggressor nation with tanks, airplanes, and $$

Soviet Union

What was Truman’s and Eisenhower’s view of the role of U.S in the Korean War

To stand against communist aggression

Domino Theory

President Eisenhower’s idea that if any country fell to communism then the other countries of Southeast Asia would fall to communist

How many other nations besides the U.S came to help in Combat

15 other nations

The combined United Nations troops were put under the control of who

WW2 hero, American General Douglas MacArthur

What is a United Nations Police Action

Police action is a phrase that was used to describe the U.s intervention in Korea in 1950, never officially declared war

What Nation missed its opportunity to veto the United Nations action in Korea

The Soviet Union was protesting the UN after the UN’s admission of Nationalist China not Communist China

Were the U.S troops prepared for another war

No, they were not

What happened after North Korea captured Seoul in 3 days

They pushed the UN troops all the way South into the Port of Pusan

What happened at the Port City of Inchon

Plan was made by General MacArthur

Troops would go in and land behind enemy lines with a surprise attack, there were not beaches they had to swim and make their way there recaptures city of Seoul

Risks: High tide, dangerous currents, choppy water

What did MacArthur and Truman decide to do after they recaptured all of South Korea

They decided to take cross the 38th parallel and try and take North Korea

What was the concern that actually happened after we invaded North Korea

Chinese came to help South Korea and crossed the Yalu river with 260,000 troops

By January 1951, North Koreans had once again been successful with what

Pushing UN forces back over the 38th parallel and recapturing Seoul

MASH Units

Mobile Army Surgical Hospitals were used for the first time during the Korean war, they moved with the troops, helicopters would bring wounded over

What the movement of the war like for 3 years

Back and forth movement

What was General MacArthur’s recommendation of plans

He wanted to expand war and use atomic weapons, invade China. Truman did not agree and believed that peace was possible

What eventually happened to MacArthur and how did the public feel

MacArthur was fired after he made statements that challenged authority of the President, made threats to Chinese Government. Americans were outraged and thought they were in danger

MacArthur’s famous quote

“Old Soldiers Never Die they just fade away”