Animal Nutrition Exam 2

What is known as the forgotten nutrient?

Water

What are the two major functions of water?

metabolism and temperature regulation

What are the 3 main sources of water?

Drinking water, feed water, and metabolic water

Movement of water molecules through the cell membranes allows what?

osmotic and hydrostatic equilibrium

What are water requirements influenced by?

age, body weight, environmental temperature, diet, physiological status (location)

Under normal conditions water intake is _____ that of the feed?

twice

Water is especially crucial for what animals?

lactating mammals and laying hens

Muscle is what percent water?

75

Bones are what percent water?

31

Skin is what percent water?

65

Carbohydrates is abbreviated as what?

CHO

What is the main source of energy for animals?

CHO

Most abundant class of nutrient for non ruminants?

starch (glucose)

Most abundant class of nutrient for ruminants?

Cellulose (any CHO)

What cycle creates CHO?

Photosynthesis

What is the only way animals store CHO?

Glycogen

Glycogen is what percent of an animals body weight?

2%

T/F CHO are hydrates of carbon?

True

Saccharides (sugars) are divided into what 4 groups?

Monosaccharides, Disaccharides, oligosaccharides and polysaccharides

Monosaccharides

single unit of sugar (monomer)

Disaccharide

2 sugars or 2 monosaccharides

Oligosaccharides

3-10 sugars or 3-10 monosaccharides

Polysaccharides

more than 10 sugars or more than 10 monosaccharides

Monosaccharide list

glucose, fructose, galactose, mannose

Disaccharide list

lactose, sucrose, maltose

Oligosaccharides list

raffinose, stachyose, maltotriose, FOS, MOS

Polysaccharide list

starch, cellulose, pectins, hemicellulose

Most important Disaccharide

Maltose

Maltose (disaccharide) is made up of what?

Glucose + Glucose

Sucrose (dissacharide) is made up of what?

Glucose + Fructose

Lactose (disaccharide) is made up of what?

Glucose + Galactose, most important in babies

Starch vs. Cellulose

Both are made up of only glucose molecules. The difference in the linkage that they have. Starch has alpha links and cellulose has beta links

T/F Monosaccharides can be further hydrolyzed to simpler chemical compounds?

False

T/F monosaccharides have a sweet taste?

true

What are the building blocks for disaccharides and polysaccharides?

Monosaccharides

Monosaccharides hexoses

Refers to the position of the double bond O2 in monosaccharide structure. Aldohexoses (position 1) and Ketohexoses (position 2)

Aldohexoses

position 1, double bond O2 on the first carbon.

What monosaccharides have aldohexoses?

Glucose, Mannose, and Galactose

Keothexoses

Position 2, double bond O2 on the second carbon

What monosaccharide has ketohexoses?

fructose

What is a disaccharide made up of?

two monosaccharides through a glycosidic linkage

T/F Disaccharides are soluble in water?

True

T/F Building a smaller sugar ejects a water molecule and breaking it down consumes one?

False, building a larger sugar ejects a water molecule and breaking it down ejects one

Disaccharides are broken down by what?

corresponding disaccharidase (sucrase, lactase, maltase)

The disaccharide lactose is broken down by what?

Lactase, by products are glucose and galactose

The disaccharide sucrose is broken down by what?

sucrase, by products are glucose and fructose

The disaccharide maltose is broken down by what?

Maltase, by products are glucose and glucose

Depending on the bond / linkage glucose + glucose can be what other than maltose?

Trehalose and cellobiose

What are the two linkages discussed?

Alpha linkages and Beta linkages

Animals can only digest what linkages?

Alpha linkages

Oligosaccharides have what functions?

cell recognition and cell binding

Oligosaccharides are usually represented as what?

glycans

Dietary oligosaccharides

good oligosaccharides (prebiotics)

Top 3 dietary oligosaccharides

fructo-oligosaccharides, Galacto-oligosaccharides, and mannan-oligosaccharides

Fructo - oligosaccharide

dietary oligosaccharide, short chains of fructose molecules

Galacto - oligosaccharides

dietary oligosaccharide, short chains of galactose molecules

Mannan - oligosaccharides

dietary oligosaccharide widely used in animal feed to improve intestinal health

Prebiotics

CHO used to feed good bacteria. substitution for antibiotics

Probiotics

good bacteria

What are the two bad oligosaccharides?

Raffinose and Stachyose

Maltose (disaccharide) is linked by what?

alpha 1 → 4

Isomaltose (disaccharide) is linked by what?

Alpha 1 → 6

Monogastrics only use CHO with what linkage?

alpha links

Ruminants use CHO with what linkage?

Microorganisms of ruminants use alpha and beta linkages

What linkages are found in starch?

alpha linkages

cellobiose (disaccharide) is linked by what?

Beta 1 → 4

T/F Cellobiose is digested by animals

False, it is not digested by animals

What produces cellulose?

Cellobiose

What is sucrose (disaccharide) linked with?

Alpha 1 → 2

Sucrose is commonly seen as what?

table sugar

Lactose (disaccharide) is linked by what?

Beta 1 → 4

Lactose vs cellobiose

Both linked with Beta 1 → linkages. lactose is made up of galactose and glucose. Cellobiose is made up of glucose and glucose

Two examples of prebiotics

FOS (fructo-oligosaccharide) and MOS (manan-oligosaccharide)

Antinutritional oligosaccharides

Raffinose and Stachyose

T/F Polysaccharides are digestible CHO vs. fiber

True

NSP

Non-starch polysaccharides

NSP examples

Cellulose, Hemicellulose, Pectins, and B-glucans

Homo-polyglycan

same unit, same thing as polysaccharide

Hetero-polyglycan

different, or more than one sugar

Homo-polysaccharide examples

Starch, cellulose, and B-glucans

What are the two starches?

Amylose and Amylopectin

Amylose

alpha 1 → 4 linked glucose, water soluble

Amylopectin

alpha 1 → 4 and beta 1 → 6 glucose, not soluble

What is the difference between maltose and cellobiose? What are the implications for monogastrics?

The glycosidic linkage. Cellobiose is indigestible for monogastric animals

Mantion the compositions of disaccharides

sucrose = glucose + fructose, lactose = glucose + galactose, Maltose = glucose + glucose

What is the chemical structure of amino acids?

carboxyl group, amino group, alpha carbon, and R group

What are the typical limiting amino acids in corn-soybean diets?

Met, Lys, Thr, Trp

What are the steps of protein synthesis?

Transcription, translation

What is the main constituent of soft tissues?

Protein

Proteins are..

Enormous number of closely related, yet physiologically distinct group of substances

A constant supply of proteins is required for what?

Consistent growth, repair and other functions

T/F protein is a polymer of amino acids

True

T/F amino acids can be stored

False, excess is excreted through urine

T/F Animals don’t have a requirement for protein, they have a requirement for amino acids

True

Amino acids chemical compounds

CHON and sometimes S

As a % the amount of protein required ____ with age?

Decreases

As a total the amount of protein required ____ with age?

increases

T/F Amino acids are the most costly nutrients

True

List some things Amino acids are apart of

Hormones, skeletal muscle, smooth muscle, immune system

T/F The body contains over 100,000 proteins

True