438 Vitamins and Minerals

Vitamin A

Fat or water soluble?

Function?

Deficiency features?

Toxicity features?

Fat soluble.

Vision, bones, immune function, cell division.

Deficiency causes blindness, low immune function, low appetite.

Toxicity: headache, double vision, N/V, vertigo, fatigue and drowsiness

Vitamin D

Fat or water soluble?

Function?

Deficiency features?

Toxicity features?

Fat soluble.

Calcium balance and bone structure.

Deficiency common: low sun exposure, obesity, gastric bypass can cause it. S/Sx: "rickets", osteopenia, bone injury

Toxicity: anorexia, hypercalcemia, kidney stones

Vitamin E

Fat or water soluble?

Function?

Deficiency features?

Toxicity features?

Fat soluble.

Antioxidant, cell membranes.

Deficiency causes neuropathy, weakness, anemia

Toxicity inc. increased risk of CHF, stroke, miscarriage

Vitamin K

Fat or water soluble?

Function?

Deficiency features?

Toxicity features?

Fat soluble.

Clotting factors, bones.

Deficiency can be caused by liver disease or issues w/ gut microbiome. S/Sx: impaired coagulation

Toxicity: N/A

Vitamin B1

Fat or water soluble?

Function?

Deficiency features?

Toxicity features?

Water soluble.

Metabolism, heart function, nerve function.

Deficiency can be caused by alcoholism, prolonged diarrhea, furosemide use. S/Sc: beriberi, encephalopathy, neuropathy, heart issues.

Toxicity: N/A

Vitamin B2

Fat or water soluble?

Function?

Deficiency features?

Toxicity features?

Water soluble.

Cell growth, vision, P450, cell membranes

Deficiency can be caused by alcoholism. S/Sx: light sensitivity, eye fatigue, sore mouth

Toxicity: N/A

Special: urine discoloration

Vitamin B3

Fat or water soluble?

Function?

Deficiency features?

Toxicity features?

Water soluble.

NADP cofactor.

Deficiency can be caused by alcoholism, isoniazid use. S/Sx: pellagra, neuropathy, red beefy tongue

Toxicity: N/V/D, tachycardia, hypertension

Vitamin B5

Fat or water soluble?

Function?

Deficiency features?

Toxicity features?

Water soluble.

CoA precursor.

Deficiency causes fatigue, weakness, paresthesia

Toxicity: diarrhea, water retention

Vitamin B6

Fat or water soluble?

Function?

Deficiency features?

Toxicity features?

Water soluble.

proteins, AAs, NTs

Deficiency caused by alcoholism, diarrhea, isoniazid. S/Sx: convulsions, irritability, neuropathy, lesions

Toxicity: severe neuropathy, prolactin inhibition

Vitamin B9

Fat or water soluble?

Function?

Deficiency features?

Toxicity features?

Water soluble.

Cell division, DNA production, brain/spinal cord development.

Deficiency caused by alcoholism, liver issues, meds (anticonvulsants, methotrexate, sulfasalazine). S/Sx: sore mouth, diarrhea, CNS issues, anemia.

Toxicity: N/A

Vitamin B12

Fat or water soluble?

Function?

Deficiency features?

Toxicity features?

water soluble.

RBC and DNA cofactor, neurologic function.

Deficiency caused by vegetarian diet, metformin. S/Sx: anemia, neurologic symptoms, GI tract issues.

Toxicity: N/A

Vitamin C

Fat or water soluble?

Function?

Deficiency features?

Toxicity features?

Water soluble.

antioxidant, collagen cofactor.

Deficiency caused by smoking, lack of fresh foods. S/Sx: scurvy, fatigue.

Toxicity: nausea, diarrhea, stomach cramps

Iron

Function?

Deficiency features?

Toxicity features?

Oxygen transport.

Deficiency causes pallor, fatigue, SOB

Toxicity: N/V/D, abdominal pain, shock, cardiovascular collapse

Magnesium

Function?

Deficiency features?

Toxicity features?

Bones, enzymes, potassium transport.

Deficiency caused by diarrhea, S/Sx: CNS stimulation, delirium, convulsions

Toxicity: diarrhea, weakness, lethargy, sedation, hypotension

vitamin C

ascorbic acid

B9

folate

B12

cyanocobalamin

B2

riboflavin 

B5

pantothenic acid

B1

thiamine

B6

pyridoxine

B3

niacin

vitamin A 

retinol

vitamin D

calciferol

vitamin E

tocopherol