APHuG Unit 2 Vocabulary Terms

Anti-natalist policies

Government policies that try to decrease the number of births.

Asylum seeker

A refugee asking for protection in another country.

Brain Drain

When highly educated workers leave developing countries for developed ones.

Carrying capacity

The maximum number of people an area can support with resources and technology.

Chain Migration

Migration where people follow family or others from their community to a new place.

Cyclic Movement

Movement that is repeated (seasonally or annually), such as commuting or farming cycles.

Demographic Equation

Formula for population change: P2 = P1 + B - D + I - O.

Demographic Momentum

Population continues to grow even after fertility rates fall because many people are young.

Demographic Transition Model (DTM)

A model showing population changes through stages of birth rates, death rates, and growth.

Demography

The scientific study of population.

Dependency ratio

The number of people too young or too old to work compared to the working-age population.

Doubling time

The time it takes for a population to double in size.

Ecumene

Areas of Earth that are permanently settled.

Emigrant

A person who leaves a country.

Epidemiological Transition Model (ETM)

Explains main causes of death in each stage of the DTM.

Forced Migration

Migration where people have no choice (war, disaster, persecution).

Immigrant

A person who enters a country.

Infant Mortality Rate (IMR)

Number of babies who die before age 1 per 1,000 births.

Internal Migration

Permanent movement within a country.

Internally Displaced Person (IDP)

Person forced to move but stays within their home country.

International Migration

Permanent move from one country to another.

Interregional Migration

Move from one region of a country to another (e.g., rural → city).

Intervening obstacle

A barrier that prevents migration (mountains, money, laws).

Intervening opportunity

A closer/better option reduces the need to go farther.

Intraregional Migration

Move within one region of a country (e.g., city → suburb).

Life expectancy

Average number of years a person is expected to live.

Migration

Permanent move to a new location.

Migration Transition Model

Explains how migration patterns change with development (linked to DTM).

Mortality (CDR)

Death rate (deaths per 1,000 people per year).

Natality (CBR)

Birth rate (births per 1,000 people per year).

Neo-Malthusian

Belief that population growth will outstrip resources.

Net Migration

Immigrants minus emigrants.

Overpopulation

Too many people for the available resources.

Pandemic

A disease spread over a wide area affecting many people.

Population projection

Estimate of future population size and structure.

Population pyramid

Graph showing age and sex of a population.

Pro-natalist policies

Government policies that encourage more births.

Pull factor

Positive reason people move to a new place (jobs, safety).

Push factor

Negative reason people leave (war, lack of jobs).

Rate of Natural Increase (RNI/NIR)

Population growth rate: CBR - CDR (doesn't include migration).

Replacement Level

TFR of 2.1 needed to keep population stable.

Refugee

Person forced to leave their country for safety reasons.

Remittance

Money sent home by migrants.

Sex Ratio

Number of males compared to females.

Step Migration

Migration in stages (village → town → city → country).

Total Fertility Rate (TFR)

Average number of babies a woman has in her lifetime.

Transhumance

Seasonal movement of livestock between pastures.

Transnational Migrant

Migrant who lives/works in more than one country.

Underpopulation

Too few people to use resources effectively.

Voluntary Migration

Migration by choice.

Xenophobia

Fear or dislike of foreigners/other cultures.