victimology midterm

"Buy signs" that indicate a suspect may have reached a breaking point in an interrogation include all of the following EXCEPT: (a)yelling at the interrogator (b)tearing up (c)slumped posture (d)lips quivering

Correct answer: A

A boss convinces his employee that having sex with him will result in a career promotion and a pay raise. How would you most likely classify this situation? (a)sex with initial consent (b)consensual sex (c)pressured sex (d)anger rape

Correct answer: C

A cold case may be closed for which of the following reasons? (a)hostile or uncooperative witnesses (b)assigned detectives has a heavy workload (c)lack of worthwhile leads (d)time constraints hindered the investigation (e)all of the above

Correct answer: E

According to the National Crime Victimization Survey, which of the following is NOT likely to be considered a personal crime? (a)sexual assault (b)robbery (c)vandalism (d)aggravated assault

Correct answer: C

After the implementation of PREA standards in 2012, the number of allegations of sexual victimization in correctional facilities... (a)decreased (b)increased (c)stated the same (d)is unknown

Correct answer: B

An example of institutional betrayal is: (a)department of justice (b)Framingham women's prison (c)Edna Mahan prison for women (d)Suffolk County Jail

Correct answer: C

Confidence rape can be best differentiated from blitz rape based of which of the following factors? (a)the severity of the victim's injuries (b)a consenting victim (c)prior interaction between the victim and assailant (d)gender of the assailant

Correct answer: C

factors which influence children's grief response include: (a)developmental level (b)age (c)relationship to the victim (d)all of the above

Correct answer: D

Fear of crime, decreased quality of life, and psychological distress are examples of... (a)direct financial costs (b)health-related costs (c)government costs (d)intangible costs

Correct answer: D

flashbacks, intrusive thoughts of rape, fear, anxiety, nightmares/daymares, and the development of phobias were identified by Burgess and Holstrom as symptoms consistent with the nursing diagnosis referred to as: (a)dissociative fugue (b)PTSD (c)rape trauma syndrome (d)Generalized anxiety disorder

Correct answer: C

Goals of the National Sexual Violence Resource Center include: (a)identify policy issues (b)strengthen support of victims (c)support intervention and prevention of SA (d)all of the above

Correct answer: D

In the case of Donna Walterhouse (babysitter abuse), who was the first person to call attention to Derek's abuse? (a)Susan Ridley (the mother) (b)Kip Ridley (the father) (c)Derek's sister (d)Derek

Correct answer: C

In the Glen Ridge case, how did the group of boys convince the victim to come with them to the basement? (a)they threatened her (b)they promised a date with a boy she liked (c)they offered her money (d)they didn't coerce her in any way

Correct answer: B

Lebhertz case from San Antonio illustrates the following victim concepts... (a)victim precipitation (b)life styles (c)routine activities (d)minimal risk victim (e)victim-offender dynamic

Correct answer: D

Most targets of female stalkers (who tend to be white heterosexual females in their 30s) are: (a)white heterosexual males in their 40s (b)females seen as romantic competition (c)white heterosexual males in their 20s (d)children

Correct answer: A

Objective of grief work include: (a)lowering preoccupation with the loss (b)decrease life disruption (c)continuing to remember the deceased (d)all of the above

Correct answer: D

Of the distinguishable patterns of rape, sadistic rape is characterized by... (a)sexuality of being an expression of hostility (b)eroticization of anger and control (c)sexuality being an expression of conquest (d)none of the above

Correct answer: B

One of the best predictors of future victimization is... (a)past victimizations (b)gender (c)occupation (d)none of the above

Correct answer: A

Psychoeducation about trauma and PTSD, effective modulation skills, individualized stress-management skills, an introduction to the cognitive triad, creating a trauma narrative, cognitive processing, safety skills, and a parental treatment plan are core components of which treatment? (a)attachment trauma therapy (b)eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR) (c)cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) (d)trauma-focused cognitive-behavioral therapy

Correct answer: D

Ryan Ferguson spent 10 years in prison for the murder of Kent Heitholt before being exonerated. What was the primary contributor to Ferguson's wrongful conviction? (a)false confession made by Ferguson's friend (b)DNA evidence error (c)false confession made by Ferguson (d)physical evidence pointed to Ferguson

Correct answer: A

Severe or threatening forms of sexual harassment and sexual assault sustained in military service is known as ______, and is now universally screened for by the Veterans Health Administration? (a)PTSD (b)military sexual trauma (c)constructive force (d)rape and trauma syndrome

Correct answer: B

Signs that a child may be experiencing bullying include all of the following EXCEPT: (a)grades dropping (b)new aggressive behavior (c)stops attending extracurricular activities (d)suddenly has a new group of friends

Correct answer: D

The ________ is the first level of the US federal court system and has jurisdiction over all cases that have violation of federal statutes (a)federal district court (b)federal circuit court (c)US supreme court (d)court of appeals

Correct answer: A

The "hierarchy rule" in UCR definitions is demonstrated as follows: (a)in a single incident that involves kidnapping, assault, and murder, all crimes would be reported separately in UCR statistics (b)a single perpetrator commits 2 separate assaults in 2 months, but the crimes would be reported as one offense in the UCR (c)in a single incident that involves kidnapping, assault, and murder, only the most serious offense in the UCR (d)the most senior investigator is credited for the arrest

Correct answer: C

The objective of an interview is to obtain a statement that is... (a)corroborative (b)truthful (c)complete (d)all of the above

Correct answer: D

The term 'Intimate partner violence' differed from the earlier term 'domestic violence' in which of the following aspects: (a)the degree or severity of abuse or violence (b)domestic violence has traditionally been used to refer to violence between spouses (c)intimate partner violence is exclusive to the abuse of women and is synonymous with wife battering (d)legal repercussions associated with each term differ

Correct answer: B

The term crime victim is best described as: (a)a person that has been directly harmed physically, emotionally, or financially (b)a person, organization, or business that has been directly harmed as a result of commission of an offense (c)a person that has been directly harmed by the effects of a natural disaster or disease (d)property belonging to a person that has been damaged by willful or malicious vandalism

Correct answer: B

True or False: in most states across the US, all that is required for a mandatory arrest for intimate partner violence is some evidence of probable cause or a copy of restraining/protective order.

True

True or False: it is impossible to distinguish ligature strangulation from hanging based on the patient's visible injuries.

False

True or False: the Office for Victims of Crime (OVC) is an official agency of the US Department of Justice that provides funding to state victim assistance and compensation programs.

True

True or False: There is no jury to decide factual disputes at the court of appeals.

True

True or False: with regard to stalking the terms "target" and "victim" are synonymous

False

What percentage of women in jail report having experienced sexual violence in their lifetime? (a)42% (b)65% (c)25% (d)86%

Correct answer: D

Which of following would be a priority when initiating an interview? (a)asking open-ended questions (b)reading the Miranda rights (c)developing rapport (d)reminding the interviewee that you are not their friend

Correct answer: C

Which of the following accurately describes the way in which data is collected for the NCVS? (a)household members of all ages are interviewed to maintain consistent samples (b)all interviews are conducted by telephone for increased cost efficiency (c)the NCVS sample also includes individuals housed in correctional facilities and prisons (d)interviews are conducted every 6 months for 3 years

Correct answer: D

Which of the following demonstrates a positivistic explanation for criminal behavior? (a)choosing to commit a crime based on cost/benefit analysis (b)violent behavior resulting from frontal lobe tumor (c)supernatural forces underlie criminal behavior (d)none of the above

Correct answer: B

Which of the following factors is NOT associated with higher risk for homicide in IPV? (a)access to a firearm (b)use of illicit drugs by abuser (c)abusers with higher education levels (d)separation of the abuser from the victim

Correct answer: C

Which of the following is NOT a component of criteria required for a confession be admissible in court? (a)detailed (b)voluntary (c)proper behavior (d)lawful

Correct answer: A

Which of the following is not a feature of implicit memory? (a)difficult to alter or change (b)linked to sensory stimuli (c)observed through behavior and symptoms (d)spontaneous recall is possible

Correct answer: D

Which of the following is NOT a phase of the cycle of violence which is seen in battered women? (a)tension building (b)battering incident (c)silent treatment (d)honeymoon period

Correct answer: C

Which of the following is NOT true regarding chain of custody procedures in Sane examinations? (a)every item must be labeled, initialed, and sealed (b)the nurse must never allow the rape kit to leave their site during the exam (c)the kit is either stored in a locked room or refrigerator or given directly to law enforcement (d)the nurse can leave the room briefly during the exam as long as the patient agrees to watch the evidence

Correct answer: D

Which of the following is NOT true regarding reporting of elder abuse? (a)healthcare professionals are considered mandated reporters (b)neglect is not considered abuse so it should not be reported (c)providers should suspect abuse if a patient's explanation for an injury does not match its clinical presentation (d)victims may hesitate to report abuse because they fear loss of independence

Correct answer: B

Which of the following is true about the civil justice system? (a)the purpose is not to determine the innocence or guilt of an offender (b)the standard of proof for civil cases is much higher than that of the criminal justice system (c)the civil justice system determine liability by a preponderance of the evidence (d)like the criminal justice system, the victim has little control over the decisions shaping the case (e)both A and C

Correct answer: E

Which of the following is true regarding cyberbullying? (a)less reported than other forms of bullying (b)emotional damage is often less severe compared to other forms of bullying (c)primarily seen in kids <12 years old (d)none of the above

Correct answer: A

Which of the following is true regarding domestic stalking? (a)there is often no history of prior abuse in the relationship (b)a breakup or threat of a breakup often precedes the onset of stalking (c)the motivation for the stalking behavior is to continue the relationship (d)both B and C

Correct answer: D

Which of the following is TRUE regarding victims of gang violence? (a)often have barriers to exercising their rights as victims (b)tend to live with or among the perpetrators of their crimes (c)generally feel distrust about the government and/or law enforement (d)all of the above

Correct answer: D

Which of the following policies would likely NOT be helpful in reducing barriers to disclosure of sexual victimization: (a)providing medical case at no cost to the victim (b)ensuring protection from retaliation (c)simplifying the process by offering only one method of reporting (d)investigate all reports fully

Correct answer: C

Which of the following profiles would likely have the highest lifestyle and situational risk level? (a)a young 15-year old white female who lives with her parents in a middle-class neighborhood and works a part-time job in a densely populated urban area a few miles from her home (b)an elderly white female who lives in an upscale apartment in a relatively poor neighborhood and rarely has a reason to leave her home (c)a young black males who lives in an inner-city neighborhood characterized by poverty and high crime rates and works at a local boxing gym as a janitor where the owner has offered him residence and wages (d)a young 15-year old runway male who is involved in illegal daily street activities as a means to make a living and feels a sense of protection from the older males in his street gang (e)all have equal lifestyle and situation risk levels

Correct answer: D

Which of the following statements is FALSE about investigative criminal profiling? (a)it is a form of retro classification (b)it has been described as a biological sketch of behavioral patterns, trends, and tendencies (c)it is particularly useful when the criminal has demonstrated some clearly identifiable form of psychopathy (d)investigators typically have more than just the crime scene to profile or classify the perpetrator (e)none of the above

Correct answer: D

Which of the following statements is true about the National Crime Victimization Survey (NCVS)? (a)it was designed to estimate the number and types of crimes not reported to police (b)personal crimes include rape and sexual attack, robbery, and aggravated and simple assault, and homicide (c)it is an example of a second-generation victim survey (d)both A and C (e)both A and B

Correct answer: A

Which of the following statements is true about the Uniform Crime Reporting (UCR) program? (a)it is a program under an independent central statistical agency (b)the FBI has been responsible for its administration (c)it is a cooperative system for statistical crime reporting involving jurisdictions from all over the United States (d)both A and B (e)both B and C

Correct answer: E

Which of the following statements is true about victimology as a study? (a)victimology is the study of the victim and not the offender or society (b)victimology is the study of nonlegal aspects of crime (c)victimology is a social-structural way of viewing crime and the law and the criminal and the victim (d)both B and C

Correct answer: C

Which of the following structures is considered the "fear center" of the brain? (a)Raphe nuclei (b)amygdala (c) cerebellum (d)frontal lobe

Correct answer: B

Which of the following types of bullying is MORE likely to be reported by girls than boys? (a)physical bullying (b)verbal bullying (c)social bullying (d)all of the above

Correct answer: C

Which of the following was reported to be the MOST common motive among US school shooters? (a)mental illness (b)revenge (c)drug abuse (d)financial gain

Correct answer: B

Which of the following would be typical of an interrogation as opposed to an interview? (a)yelling at the interrogator (b)lower stress (c)goal is to obtain an admission and confession regarding a crime (d)all of the above

Correct answer: C

Which of the following would NOT be typical in exploitative rape? (a)relatively low aggression (b)offender feels inadequate in most areas of life (c)rage is the primary motive (d)offender has difficulty in interpersonal relationships

Correct answer: C

Why is it important that correctional facilities provide timely medical treatment to victims of sexual assault? (a)preservation of evidence (b)provide prophylactic case and treat any sustained injuries (c)to perform a mental health evaluation (d)all of the above

Correct answer: D

You are ready to confront your suspect in an interrogation. Of the following, what would you be most likely to say? (a)"you can go home if you just tell me what happened" (b)"I am certain that you did this, so you need to stop lying" (c)"I don't know if you realize how much evidence we have" (d)"you're so stupid"

Correct answer: B

You can tell the subject of an interrogation has reached a breaking point and is on the verge of making a confession. Which of the following would be your most appropriate next move? (a)ask why they committed the crime so you can establish motive (b)offer an alternative, more socially acceptable option for the subject to admit to (c)leave the room to let the subject start panicking (d)berate the subject to eliminate any self-respect they may have left

Correct answer: B

You volunteer at a nursing home and have noticed some changes in one of your favorite patients over the past few weeks. She has a difficult time communicating verbally. Which of the following observations may be concerning to you as a sign of potential undisclosed abuse? (a)she becomes very agitated when staff try to bathe her (b)she participates in daily social activities with other patients (c)she begins sleeping in a chair in her room as opposed to her bed (d)both A and C (e)none of the above

Correct answer: D

which of the following is not one of mendelsohns six type of victims a) provoker b) voluntary victim c)completely innocent d) dull normal

D, dull normal

kitty genovese case prompted the creation of

911 emergency call system

the money for the victims of crime act comes primarily from

fines and forfeitures from convicted offenders

What is the definition of Victimology?

The study of the etiology (causes) of victimization, its consequences, how the criminal justice system accommodates and assists victims and how other elements of society such as media, deal with crime victims.

Who were early responses to crime centered around?

Centered around the victim, NOT the state

What did the first victimologists attempt to identify?

Attempted to identify how victims contribute to their own victimization. Beginning the examination of the concepts of victim precipitation, victim facilitation, and victim provocation.

What is victim precipitation?

The extent to which a victim is responsible for his/her own victimization.

The concept of victim precipitation is rooted in the notion that...

Although not all victims are responsible for their victimization, some are.

Victim precipitation acknowledges that crimes involve at least these two people...

The offender and the victim

According to victim precipitation both parties (offender and vic.) are acting and reacting when?

Both parties are acting and reacting before, during, and after the incident.

What is victim facilitation?

When a victim unintentionally makes it easier for an offender to commit a crime. (victim is catalyst for victimization)

What is the difference between victim precipitation and victim facilitation?

Unlike precipitation, facilitation helps us understand why one person may be victimized over another but does NOT connotate blame and responsibility.

When does victim provocation occur?

Occurs when a person does something that incites another person to commit an illegal act.

What does victim provocation suggest?

Suggests that without the victim the crime would not have occurred. Provocation MOST CERTAINLY connotates blame. In these cases the offender is not at all responsible.

Which three early victimologists proposed victim typologies that were used to classify victims in terms of their responsibility or their role in their own victimization?

Hans von Hentig, Benjamin Mendelsohn, and Stephen Schafer

According to Hentig the victim and criminal are NOT in _____, but rather _____.

The victim and criminal are not in Isolation, but rather together.

Hentig's concept of "Agent provocateurs" says what?

Says that victims may provoke victimization based on their characteristics.

What are Hentig's 13 categories of victims?

1. Young
2. Female
3. Old
4. Immigrants
5. Depressed
6. Mentally defective
7. The acquisitive
8. Dull-normals
9. Minorities
10. Wanton
11. The lonesome and heartbroken
12. Tormentor
13. The blocked, exempted and fighting

Who is the "Father of Victimology"?

Benjamin Mendelsohn, he coined the term for this area of study.

Mendelsohn created a typology based upon what?

Created a victim classification of victims based on their culpability (the degree of the victim's blame).

What are Mendelsohn's 6 types of victims?

1. Completely innocent victims
2. Victim's with minor guilt
3. Victim as guilty as offender/ voluntary victim
4. Victim more guilty than offender
5. Most guilty victim
6. Simulating or imaginary victim

Explain victims in terms of responsibility...

Some victims bear no responsibility for their victimization, while others, based on their behaviors and actions do.

How did Stephen Schafer's typology categorize victims? How was he similar to Hentig and Mendolsohn?

His typology places victims in groups based on how responsible they are for their own victimization.

Similar to Hentig b/c based on characteristics and similar to Mendolsohn b/c rooted in behaviors.

What are Schafer's 7 levels of victim responsibility?

1. Unrelated victims (no responsibility)
2. Provocative victims (share responsibility)
3. Precipitative victims (some degree of responsibility)
4. Biologically weak victims (no responsibility)
5. Sociologically weak victims (no responsibility)
6. Self-victimizing (total responsibility)
7. Political victims (no responsibility)

Who were the first two people to conduct empirical examinations of victim precipitation?

Marvin Wolfgang and his student Menachem Amir

What did Marvin Wolfgang study? What were his results?

He was the first person to empirically investigate victim precipitation through his classical study of homicide. He examined some 558 homicides to see to what extent victims precipitated their own deaths. He found that 26% of homicides were victim precipitated.

Define Wolfgang's concept of sub-intentional homicide.

When victim facilitates his/her own demise by using poor judgement, placing themselves at risk, living a risky lifestyle, or using alcohol or drugs.

What did Amir study? What were his results?

Amir focused on forcible rape incidents, found the 19%, almost 1 in 5 rapes, were victim precipitated. His study was VERY controversial because it blamed victims.

When did the Victim's Rights Movement occur?

VRM gained momentum in the 1960's, it was spurred by the womens and civil rights movements.

What happened during the Victim's Rights Movement?

There was a shift in how victims were view by the public and the criminal justice system, also recognized women and children as victims.

What were some of the first victims advocacy groups established during this time?

Mothers Against Drunk Driving, Families and Friends of Missing Persons, and Parents of Murdered Children.

What were some of the important pieces of legislation that came out of the victim's rights movement?

Victims Crime Act
Violence Against Women Act
Crime Victims' Rights Act
Now many states have victim's rights amendments and/or legislation that guarantees victim protections.

Victimology today is concerned with what areas?

Today the field of victimology covers a wide range of topics including crime victims, causes of victimization, consequences of victimization, interaction of victims with the criminal justice system, interaction of victims with social service agencies and programs, and the prevention of victimization.

What can be developed when victimologists become aware of who is likely to be victimized and the reasons for victimization?

Risk-reduction and prevention strategies can be developed.

What should risk-reduction and prevention strategies target?

These should target not only offender behavior but also opportunity. In this way victims can play an important role in reducing their likelihood of being victimized.

diagnosis of PTSD includes history of exposure to a traumatic event and symptoms from each of the following symptoms clusters except a)avoidance b)altered arousal/reactivity c)intrusion d)delusions

which of the following services was developed in the 1970s as a response to problems in the treatment of rape victims

w

which of the following polices would likely not be helpful in reducing barriers to disclosure of sexual victimization a)providing medical care at no cost to the victim b)ensuring protection from retaliation c)simplifying the process by offering only one method of reporting d)investigating all reports fully

shortly after the announcement to vacate adnan syeds conviction, the family of murder victim hae min lee filed an appeal stating that which of their victims rights was violated