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What did the United Nations Special Committee start to do once the Iran Iraq ceasefire was called?
They started to search and destroy Iraq’s weapons of mass destruction (WMDs)
What was imposed on Iraq after the ceasefire and what were the impacts of this?
Trade sanctions were imposed on Iraq (imports were banned) - this put pressure on Iraq forcing them to cooperate
What did Iraq admit due to the pressure of sanctions?
They gave up there stockpile of nerve gas and chemical warheads
What else did the UN inspectors uncover in Iraq?
They uncovered a nuclear programme
After four years, what did UNSCOM declare?
That all the medium and long range missiles were destroyed and eventually all materials for making nuclear and chemical weapons were destroyed
However not all biological weapons were found and destroyed
What was the incident with Saddam Hussein’s son in law and what were the impacts of this?
Saddam’s son-in-law got into an argument with Saddam and defected to Jordan. There he told the UN that Saddam was still hiding WMD. After Saddam pardoned him but he was shot three days later.
This lead the US to be suspicious and distrustful of the Iraqi govt and began to demand a regime change in order to stop the sanctions
What did Saddam constantly hide from the UN inspectors?
He refused to give up all his secret weapons and he tried to disrupt the UN inspectors
What did the UN demand and what did this cause Saddam to do?
They demanded access to the presidential palace and Saddam ordered them to leave in 1997
What did American and British planes begin to do in 1998?
They began to drop bombs on Iraqi military sites
What did the US-British bombings cause many Arab states to do?
To turn against the US
What caused the Arab states to begin trading with Iraq again?
After the US Secretary of State stated that the 250,000 deaths were ‘worth it’
What did many US oil companies do in 1999 and what happened to diplomatic relations?
They began to rebuild oil wells and the UN approved unlimited oil exports - diplomatic relations began to rebuild and Iraq was still feared
What were the main impacts of the sanctions on Iraq?
Iraq was prevented from importing machinery, fertilisers, most medicines and even books
As a result, the country could only afford to import moderate food imports (they imported around 70% of their food)
Malnutrition and rises in infant mortality was reported
Iraqs water purification systems had broken down and they couldn’t get chlorine due to the fear of WMD
Water contamination led to widespread dysentery and 250,000 children died as a result of the sanction
What did sanctions not do?
It didn’t increase the opposition against Saddam
What did Saddam do to get global opinion against the sanctions?
He allowed filming in Iraq to show the impacts on the people
What happened to all the govt positions after the sanctions?
They all went to Sunnis
What did many US govt officials want to do by 1991?
They wanted to remove Saddam as he was a threat to the US’ interest in the Middle East
Why was the US attention diverted to Afghanistan instead of Iraq?
The events of 9/11
What did President Bush claim in 2002?
Bush claimed that Iraq still had WMD but there was no evidence of a link between al-Qaida
What did the US convince the UN to do?
To recall a return of weapons inspectors to Iraq and threaten Iraq with serious consequences
What did the UN state and what did the US do anyway?
The UN stated that there was no evidence of WMD but the US still built up forces in the Gulf
Why did the US persist on the UN condemning Iraq?
They wanted to overthrow Saddam
What did the Four members of the UN security council call for?
More UN inspectors in Iraq
When did the US and Britain invade Iraq and what did they not have?
In March 2003 - they didn’t have UN approval
What countries made up the coalition force for the Iraq invasion?
US, UK, Australia and Poland - not multinational like the Gulf War
What happened during the invasion?
The war started with aerial bombardment and then a land invasion
There was little Iraqi resistance and Baghdad fell within weeks
The British took over Basra and the Kurds remained in control of their areas
On 1st May 2003, Bush declared that the war was over
What did the US forces do once they’d settled?
They put forces around the oil fields and the key govt buildings
What happened to Iraq after the US arrived?
It fell into chaos with looting and criminal activity and gangs took over began as basic resources weren’t being accessed - no WMDs were found
Who did the US dispel and what did this cause?
350,000 of Saddam’s soldiers who kept their guns - this led to more violence and unemployment
When did the main resistance arise?
In 2004, the number of attacks on US forced increased. It’s estimated that 20,000-50,000 were involved
What was neglected by the US forces?
The rebuilding of Iraq
What did the US forces manage to build?
They built up an Iraqi army but around 3000 Iraqi soldiers were targeted between 2003-8 since anyone who worked with the US were the enemy
What was happening to the Kurds during the US occupation?
The Kurds managed to invest in their oil and other industries
In 2005 what happened in Iraq?
They had elections even though they had no laws. Most people voted along sectarian lines and the Shiites made up the most seats
When did the final troops leave Iraq and by 2008, what managed to decrease?
The final troops left in 2011
The death toll lowered by 2008
