Molecular and Cellular Biology - Cells and Organelles

This set of flashcards covers key concepts related to prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells, their structures, organelles, and functions, derived from notes on molecular and cellular biology.

Prokaryotic Cells

Single-celled organisms that lack a nucleus and membrane-enclosed organelles, typically having circular DNA.

Eukaryotic Cells

Organisms that can be single-celled or multicellular, possessing a nucleus with linear DNA and membrane-enclosed organelles.

Surface Area-to-Volume Ratio

A measure that limits cell size; as a cell increases in size, the surface area-to-volume ratio decreases, affecting nutrient exchange.

Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER)

A network of membranes involved in protein and lipid synthesis; includes Rough ER (with ribosomes) and Smooth ER (without ribosomes).

Golgi Apparatus

An organelle responsible for processing and packaging secretory proteins into vesicles for transport out of the cell.

Mitochondria

Double-membrane-bound organelles known as the 'powerhouses of the cell,' where energy production occurs.

Chloroplasts

Double-membrane-bound organelles found in plant cells, responsible for photosynthesis.

Binary Fission

The process by which prokaryotic cells replicate their DNA and divide into two daughter cells.

Nucleus

A double-membrane-bound organelle that houses genetic information in eukaryotic cells.

Cell Differentiation

The process by which cells become specialized to perform specific functions in multicellular organisms.

Lysosomes

Organelles that contain digestive enzymes to break down waste and cellular debris.

Cell Wall

A rigid outer layer found in plant cells, made of cellulose, providing structure and protection.

Cytoskeleton

A network of fibers within the cytoplasm that helps maintain cell shape and facilitates movement.

Plasmodesmata

Channels through the cell wall that allow communication and transport between plant cells.